311 




Class 

Book^: 

GopglitN? 

COPBRICHT DEPOSm 



^6 J^/ 



Florida Flashlights 



A thousand and one facts 
concerning the history, 
development, resources 
and possibilities of the 
great Peninsula State 



By J. H. REESE 




Copyright, 1917, by J. H. Reese 



The Hefty Press, Miami 






Comment on 'Tlashlights" 



You have performed a national service. To use a hackneyed term, you 
have "filled a long felt want."— Moses Folsom, secretary Florida State Mar- 
keting Bureau, Jacksonville. 



It is a credit to the printer's art and highly creditable to the publisher. 
It also reflects credit upon the State.— Dr. A. A. Murphree, president of the 
University of Florida, Gainesville. 



You have produced a very creditable thing. — Jeflferson Thomas, presi- 
dent The Thomas Advertising Service, Jacksonville. 



"Florida Flashlights" is a most interesting and useful book. — Mrs. Kirk 
Munroe, Cocoanut Grove. 



The Metropolis welcomes it as a most valuable addition to its reference 
library. It will fill a long recognized want. It should be in the hands of 
every public school teacher, of every preacher, of every lawyer, of every 
politician, and of every business man who has need of information con- 
cerning the development, resources and history of Florida. — The Miami 
Metropolis. 

The text covers every phase of information that people desire about 
Florida presented in a compact readable way. Information is dealt out in 
paragraphs and covers the whole field in a way that will prove convenient, 
not only for the casual reader, but for the one who wants to find out all 
about Florida. — The Miami Herald. 



OEC 24 1917 
©CI,A479«7 



PREFACE 



The person in search of information about Florida must assume the 
drudgery of going through voluminous official documents which frequently 
are not readily had, or else he consults histories and geographies that fail 
to afford him the desired knowledge. This volume was compiled with the 
idea of filling the demand for a condensed presentation in simple language of 
leading facts about Florida. It contains the meat of many official reports, 
and represents more labor than its modest form indicates. Although pains- 
taking efforts have been made to include the most essential information 
pertaining to the State's history and its varied actiAdties, no claim for 
absolute completeness is asserted. Unquestionably much important and 
interesting information has escaped this survey. It is offered on its merits 
with the knowledge that its defects may be remedied in subsequent editions. 
The compiler wishes to acknowledge obligations to the Librarian of 
Congress, to the State House officials of Florida, to the Librarian of the 
Woman's Club Library of Miami, and to numerous others who have extended 
him courtesies in the preparation of the matter contained herein. 



Legal Holidays in Florida 



The first day of the week, commonly known as Sunday. 

January 1, New Year's Day. 

January 19, Robert E. Lee's Birthday. 

February 22, Washington's Birthday. 

April 26, Memorial Day. 

June 3, Jefferson Davis' Birthday. 

July 4, Independence Day. 

First Monday in September, Labor Day. 

General Election Day. 

Thanksgiving Day. 

December 25, Christmas Day. 

The days known as Good Friday and Shrove Tuesday (Mardi Gras) are 
observed as public holidays in some cities, though not generally. When- 
ever any legal holiday shall fall upon a Sunday, the Monday next following 
is deemed a public holiday. 



LEGAL RATE OF INTEREST 



The legal rate of interest in Florida is 8 per cent.; the contract rate, 10 
per cent. 



Know ye the land of the cedar and vine, 
Where the flowers ever blossom, the beams ever shine. 
Where the citron and olive are fairest of fruit. 
And the voice of the mocking bird never is mute? 

— Byron. 



)RIDA HAS EVER LURED THE 

Dreamer, the Adventurer 
le Zealot And. the..Cheva.Iler7 



Leon, de Soto, Menendez and the gallsmt do ri^„To<.» ""> 
•Kt he prototypes of many who followed thefr i ntrf^^ r?^""/ 
1^ — =;the-mo8t eventful and thrilling hietiYf ^^'"foot 

^ ^continent. FLO r i D A t" 

Jane a poseession of the uni 
,„^ - hundredy^^ae a State oi tiicnni 
.tie more thaJi^fiTt 



Vml 



'He 



ago 
id-. - 



ago* Much has been written 
of riorlda ae a Land of Kn-^ 
chantment ana playground fc 
'^ idle rich while too 11 



vvae 



Florida First In — 

Equable climate. 

Percentage of population increase. 
Variety fruits and vegetables. 
Construction of good roads. 
Production of phosphates and ful- 
lers earth. 
Area of standing timber. 
Conservation of bird hfe. 
Drainage of rich lands. 
Extent of coast line. 



las 



.^m lll\ 



neath the surface of Iti 
fertile soil. De Leon 
^sought lengthened lifo> 
here in fabled fouxi- 



taina^and died in 
ittempt.ppor Po 

foto Ipoked in 
or gold on top.o 



XiiO CUiia UA^U A.LA U11151 

empt.ppor Ponce' De. 



. . }J?hel^ 

ground, and hastened Sn 
on -to nie death in the// 
mad quest. Deluded de \\\ 
Soto.' Though both failec 
reach came. to the_^ri|ht 1« 
^aliiy for what hS moel ^- 
»8ijed. Others more prag! 
1^?^ have found In Flo- 
riaa wl;iat they ml seed 



"•o fho 
also h 



3u8£ind6j and thousands 
vaiBO have found wealth in 
.her forest e. farme and mire 
\The^vaIue or her, products p 
•acre of tilled land Is 
-reater than any other 
state can claim, andtHe 
ivaviety of crope grown 
• here has neveaS yet been 
recorded. Florida is 
not only the rich roar^l 
> pi ay ground; it ie more 
truly the poor meui'e 
^^paradise There^ls 



^no land 
Lthe 



There^le 
beneath 



bund 



-de 
ndant 



which 



f°yit/ 



^!§!?f|e^lj 
tiueoa 



Florida's Remarkable Growth 



(Extract from a speech made by the Honorable Frank Clark, represen- 
tative in Congress from the Second Florida district, in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, February 26, 1912.) 



Blessed by the Creator with an incomparable climate; with a soil as 
rich and productive as the world-famed "Valley of the Nile"; with a sea- 
coast of more than twelve hundred miles; with inexhaustible mines and 
magfnificent forests; with such a diversity of agricultural and horticultural 
products as can be found in no other Commonwealth, and above all, peopled 
with as intelligent, energetic and patriotic a citizenship as inhabits the earth, 
it is not surprising that Florida has kept step to the music of our advancing 
and progrressive civilization. (Applause). The census returns for 1910 give 
to the State of Florida a population of 752,619 people as against a popula- 
tion of 528,542 in 1900, which is an increase of 42.4 per cent., and which 
establishes the fact that only 11 States have made a greater comparative 
gain than Florida, while Florida made a greater percentage of gain than 
any other Southern State. 



Notes on Florida Geography 



Florida's total area is 54,861 square miles. Of this, 3,805 square miles 
are occupied by lakes and rivers. 

Florida has the largest area of any State east of the Mississippi River, 
with the exception of Georgia only. An accurate survey of the many 
islands along the coast would no doubt put it first. 

The greatest length of Florida, north to south, is 450 miles. The 
greatest width is about 400 miles. The average width of the peninsula is 
95 miles. 

The Florida keys are a succession of small islands dotting the waters 
and curving westward in a semi-circular chain from the termination of the 
mainland for a distance of two hundred miles. Many of the keys are 
extremely fertile and produce fruits and vegetables of a fine size and quality. 
The word key in this sense comes from the Spanish cayo, meaning a small 
island. 

Florida has 1250 miles of coast line, more than that of any other state. 

Florida has 54 counties. Tallahassee, Leon County, is the capital. 
Jacksonville is the chief city. Tampa is the chief port and headquarters of 
the customs district of Florida. 



Florida's Population in Paragraphs 

The population of Florida as given by the State census of 1915 was 
921,618. The Federal census of 1910 was 752,619. The figures that follow 
are based on the State census. White population, 559,787; negro, 360,394. 
Urban population, 408,157; rural, 513,461. Population per square mile in 
the State, 16.7; rural, 9.3. 

The area of Florida is 54,861 square miles. The largest county in area 
is Lee, 4,641 square miles. Population per square mile in Lee county is two 
persons. 

Duval county has the largest population of any Florida county, 94,794, 
divided as follows: Whites, 47,727; negro, 47,067. 

Hillsborough has the largest white population of any Florida county, 
65,754; negro, 17,880; total, 83,634. 

The State Census of 1915 shows 129 Indians, and 1,082 state convicts in 



8 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Florida. Palm Beach county is credited with having 74, the largest number 
of Indians. 

There are 264,571 men of voting age in Florida, 160,107 white and 
104,404 negro. The total vote cast by Florida in the presidential election of 
1916 was 80,803. 

There are thirteen cities in Florida of five thousand population, or 
more, as follows: Jacksonville, 66,850; Tampa, 48,160; Pensacola, 23,219; 
Key West, 18,495; Miami, 15,594; West Tampa, 7,837; Lakeland, 7,287; St. 
Petersburg, 7,186; Gainesville, 6,736; Orlando, 6,448; St. Augustine, 5,471; 
Ocala, 5,370; Tallahassee, 5,193. 

There are sixteen cities in Florida having 2,500 to 5,000 population; 
forty-two having 1,000 to 2,500; one hundred and twenty-three of 1,000 and 
under. 

Between 1905 and 1915, the rural population in Florida increased 34.8 
per cent.; the urban population, 74.6 per cent. The towns showing a hundred 
per cent, increase or more during this period were: St. Petersburg, 210.3 
per cent.; Miami, 208.3 per cent.; Lakeland, 120.8 per cent.; Tampa, 111 per 
cent.; West Tampa, 114 per cent. 

Miami was the only town in Florida of five thousand population or 
more that showed more than a hundred per cent, increase between 1910 and 
1915, its percentage being estimated at 184.9. 



Florida's Balmy Climate 

{ 

In Florida the winter is the dry season; fog is rare. In California win- 
ter is the wet season; fog is common. 

Florida is south of the usual storm tracks which move from west to 
east across the country in winter, hence the high percentage of sunshine. 
California experiences some of her severest storms in winter. 

From October to June the weather in Florida is generally ideal. The 
lower peninsula especially enjoys uniform temperatures. Summers are 
very pleasant; sea breezes are constant. 

Florida has suffered only five severe cold waves, namely: February, 
1835; December, 1894; February, 1895, 1899 and 1917. The lowest tem- 
perature recorded on the peninsula was 24 at Fort Myers in 1899 and 27 
at Miami in 1917. 

Droughts seldom occur in Florida, never to cause complete crop failure, 
as is the case some times in the west. Generally the rainfall is uniform. 
The driest months usually are April and November; the wettest from June 
to September. 

Florida's annual normal temperature is 70.8. The normal rainfall is 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 9 

about 53 inches, varying from about 38 inches at Key West to about 62 
inches on the northwest coast. 

Florida's driest year was 1895, with 45.50 inches precipitation; wettest 
was 1912, with 64.88; coolest, 1901, with mean temperature 68.8; warmest, 
1911, with 72.3. 

Florida has six re^lar weather observance stations, namely: Jackson- 
ville, Tampa, Key West, Miami, Sand Key and Pensacola. In addition to 
these there are scattered through the state 82 co-operative weather observers 
who report daily to the Jacksonville station. 



COMPARATIVE WEATHER DATA FOR FLORIDA 



1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 



Tear 



Temperature. 





^ 




a> 




m 


+-' 


tJD 




o 




ai 


c 


£ 




i. 


03 


to 




0) 










1=5 


K 


J 


< 



70.4 
71.0 
71.2 
69.9 
71.0 
71.2 
70.5 
71.0 
70.7 
68.8 
70.8 
69.8 
69.9 
70.5 
70.9 
71.5 
71.2 
71.1 
69.2 
72.3 
71.] 
71.2 
70.3 
70.4 
7J.1 



Precipi- 
tation. 



1 101 


22 


104 


19 


10] 


12 


100 


11 


103 


20 


104 


17 


102 


17 


104 


-2 


104 


13 


107 


12 


105 


15 


105 


17 


102 


20 


103 


10 


101 


14 


102 


21 


103 


20 


103 


16 


102 


19 


104 


15 


104 


21 


104 


23 


107 


19 


105 


23 


102 


21 



47.99 
53.01 
52.51 
45.50 
49.62 
56.69 
48.36 
53.93 
61.19 
58.47 
51.24 
55.79 
48.15 
61.43 
53.76' 
49.15 
48.54 
49.52 
50.88 
47.40 
64.88 
48.02 
49.08 
56.30 
47.10 



-*Data supplied by U. S. Weather Bureau. 



t 



I' 



Classification of Florida Soils 






The Florida Department of Agriculture classifies the soils of the State 
as follows: Pine Lands of three classes; Swamp Lands, The Everglades, 
Low Hammocks, High Hammocks and Prairie Lands. 

The gn'eater portion of Florida lands are designiated as pine lands. 



10 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

because of the predominance of pine timber. The lands on which there is 
a mixture of pine and hardwoods are termed mixed hammock lands. 

Wonder at the productivity of "Florida sand" is modified when it is 
known that the sand is thoroughly mixed with particles of shell which con- 
tain carbonate of lime, and other minerals and decomposed vegetable matter. 

Lands that are considered worthless in more northerly climates are 
wonderfully productive in Florida because of the influences of its semi- 
tropical climate and abundant water supply. 

First class pine land is covered with vegetable mould, beneath which is 
a chocolate colored sandy loam, mixed with limestone pebbles and resting 
upon a substratum of marl, clay or limestone rock. 

Swamp lands are regarded as the most durable rich lands in Florida. 
They are alluvial and occupy natural basins which have gradually been 
filled with deposits of vegetable matter washed in from the higher lands. 
Drainage is necessary to successful cultivation. Such lands have been known 
to produce five thousand pounds of sugar per acre without fertilizer. The 
best swamp lands are located in east and south Florida. 

The low hammock lands of Florida are mostly level, and have greater 
tenacity than high hammock lands. They are somewhat indiscriminately 
classed as swamp lands, but are not considered as desirable. 

High hammock lands are regarded with great favor in Florida. They 
occupy higher ground than the low hammocks and generally present an 
undulating surface. They consist of a fine mould of vegetable matter mixed 
with sandy loam, sometimes several feet deep, and rest upon a substratum 
of clay, marl or limestone. They produce a great variety of crops and 
are easily cultivated. 

The prairie lands of Florida are found in extensive tracts and are like 
the swamp lands in character, their freedom of timber being the chief dif- 
ference. Care should be exercised in the selection of such lands, however, 
for some of them are rendered non-productive by a substratum of hard-pan 
which is impervious to moisture. Prairie lands afford fine grazing, and 
the counties of the south-central peninsula embracing them constitute the 
best cattle raising section of the State. 

One of the most attractive features of Florida soils is the ease with 
which they are cultivated, and the great diversity of crops which they 
produce, owing to a climate which makes every month in the year a "grow- 
ing month." 



The manufacture of raw sugar in Florida dates from the six- 
teenth century, when it was introduced from the West Indies and 
grown commercially. Drained swamp lands produce an average yield 
of twenty tons of cane to the acre; the potential equivalent of 3,600 
pounds of granulated sugar. Thousands of acres of such lands are 
yet to be had at fair prices. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 11 



The Everglades of Florida 

......x. 

The Everglades of Florida embrace an area of approximately 4,000 
square miles (2,560,000 acres) south of Lake Okeechobee. Of this area, 
the State still retains about a million acres. 

The reclamation of the Everglades was actually begun July 4, 1906, 
when the first dredge built under the direction of the late Governor N. B. 
Broward began work at a point near Ft. Lauderdale. 

Drainage operations in the Everglades have been carried on ever since 
1906, but the progress was slow for ten years because the State was depen- 
dent upon funds derived from the sale of the lands. In their undrained 
condition the lands commanded but a low figure. 

The first large sale of Everglades land under Governor Broward was 
to R. J. Bolles in 1907. Mr. Bolles died early in 1917. By the terms of 
the contract, Mr. Bolles was to receive 500,000 acres, for which he was to 
pay $1,000,000. Three-fourths of this sum was to be used for drainage, and 
the one-fourth was to be turned into the public school fund. The first big 
sale of Everglades and other overflowed lands was made by Governor Blox- 
ham to Hamilton Disston, four million acres for one million dollars. 

During 1917, the Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund (composed 
of the Governor, the Comptroller, the Attorney General, the Commissioner 
of Agriculture and the State Treasurer) floated a bond issue of three million 
dollars to push the drainage work, and the legislature of 1917 created two 
large special drainage districts, each in charge of three drainage commis- 
sioners, with authority to levy a special tax for drainage purposes. A 
drainage tax of twenty-five cents an acre was levied. Thus new impetus 
for the early completion of the main canal system has been given. This is 
the largest drainage and reclamation project on the continent. 

The subsoil of the Florida Everglades is coraline limestone, upon which 
lies an accumulation of sand, alluvial deposits and decayed vegetable matter, 
from two to ten feet deep, making an exceedingly rich and fertile soil. 

The annual rainfall over the Everglades averages nearly sixty inches. 

The Everglades area is aptly described as a wet prairie. Many persons 
suppose it to be a swampy jungle. It is dotted here and there with ham- 
mocks, spots of land higher than the prairie, covered with trees and under- 
growth, but the Everglades proper is free of trees and is almost devoid of 
shrubs. After the water is drained off, clearing is effected simply by burning 
the sawgrass. 

There are several prosperous settlements in the Everglades. The 
variety of products is innumerable. The soil and climate conspire to 
make it particularly adapted to cane, Irish potatoes, celery, tomatoes, 
cabbage, turnips, beets, peppers, onions and other such crops. 



12 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

The greatest development which the future will witness in the Ever- 
glades will probably be as a cattle and stock raising section, its adaptability 
to native and imported pasture grasses recommending it pre-eminently 
for this industry. 

Reclaimed lands in the Everglades have already sold as high as two 
hundred dollars an acre. There are many who expect to see these lands 
valued at from five hundred to a thousand dollars an acre within the next 
few years. 



t 1 

The Florida Hill Country 

{ 



Owing to erroneous statements in geographies and histories, there is 
an impression abroad that Florida is a low, flat country subject to inunda- 
tion. The truth is that the hills in some sections of Florida reach almost 
the dignity of mountains. The hills of Hernando in the southwestern part 
of the State are well known, but perhaps the most famous section of this 
character is the Knox Hill country, covering about fifty square miles in the 
eastern part of Walton county. It was settled by Scotchmen in 1823. In 
some places there is a hundred feet difference in elevation between the hills 
and the adjacent valleys. 

The highest point in Florida is at Hardaway, a station on the Apalachi- 
cola Northern railway, the elevation being 303 feet above sea level. There 
are numerous other points of about the same altitude. Mt. Pleasant is 301, 
and Gretna 294. 

The hill country about Tallahassee, the capital of Florida, is famed 
for its beauty, the tall and symmetrical growth of oaks and other hardwood 
trees, whose laterals extend across the roads from either side and interlace, 
forming leafy canopies above many picturesque driveways, gives fine 
evidence of the strength of the soil. 

The hill country of Orange county, Florida, excites exclamations from 
those who travel the fine brick highway from Orlando to Winter Garden. 
The hillsides are dotted with citrus groves and the valleys between are 
watered by a chain of fish-bearing, sand bottom lakes. 

The hill country between Eustis and Clermont in Lake County, Florida, 
is deservedly famed for its beauty and fertility. The diversity of Florida 
landscapes is happily illustrated on this drive by the presence also of one of 
the largest and most solemnly impressive cypress swamps in the country. 
This is a favorite sight-seeing trip for the tourist. 



Florida has the finest sea beaches in the world. National automo- 
bile races are frequently held here during the winter. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 13 



Florida's Farm and Grove Products 
^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ J 



Florida leads all other states in the value of products to the acre. 
There are 1,547,383 acres under cultivation, the value of field, vegetable, 
fruit and miscellaneous crops being $46,023,994, or about $30 to the acre 
average. It is not unusual for certain truck crops to yield from $500 to 
$1,000 an acre. 

Total farm products of Florida, including field, vegetable and fruit, 
dairy, poultry and live stock amount to $84,335,164 annually. The large 
increase of corn, potato and other crops run the total up to a hundred 
million for 1917. 

Thirty-three Florida counties produce upland cotton, Jackson county 
leading all others in acreage and production. The total upland cotton crop 
for Florida amounted to 33,762 bales with a value of $1,847,542, season of 
1915-16. Twenty-five counties produce Sea Island, or long staple cotton, 
the crop amounting to 27,352 bales, with a value of $2,528,156. 

The Florida corn crop for 1917 was the largest in the history of the 
State, being estimated at upwards of thirteen million bushels. 

The Irish potato crop of the Hastings, Fla., section for 1917 was 
marketed for five million dollars. 

Seminole county, Fla., leads in the production of celery, the annual 
output being about a million crates, the market value of which is above a 
dollar a crate. Manatee county produces a third of a million crates. 

Florida's peanut crop is worth three millions a year. 

Dade county leads in the production of tomatoes. Florida's tomato 
crop is upwards of four million dollars annually. 

With favorable conditions, Florida's orange crop is six and a half mil- 
lion boxes, and grapefruit two and a half millions. The value of these 
crops is about sixteen million dollars. 

The avocado (alligator pear) is a Florida fruit which is just beginning 
to be developed for commercial purposes. It is grown successfully in the 
lower peninsula, recent reports showing production in twelve counties. It 
has a rich, nutty flavor and is eaten as a salad. 

The Florida pineapple and strawberry crops combined produce a revenue 
of upwards of a million annually, each being worth about six hundred thou- 
sand a year in the markets. Bradford county leads in strawberry culture, 
over two and a half million quarts being the annual production. Pineapples 
grow chiefly in the lower east coast counties. Palm Beach holding the ban- 
ner for quantity. 

The greater portion of the Florida pineapple crop is grown in the lower 
counties of the east coast, but delicious fruit is grown by the Shaker colony 



14 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



in Osceola county, and there is a successful pineapple farm under shade 
at Orlando, in Orange county, in the central part of the State. 

The Caladium Gardens at Gotha, Orange county, Florida, are among 
the rare beauty spots of the country, where upwards of two thousand varie- 
ties of this foliage plant are grown annually and the bulbs distributed over 
a wide territory by Dr. Henry Nehrling, who is regarded as an eminent 
authority on hybridizing and propagating. 

Florida offers a splendid field for the botanist to pursue his investiga- 
tions. There are plants, trees and shrubs in Florida that do not grow any- 
where else in the known world. 



There are 160 nurseries in Florida, selling variously, citrus, pecan, 
avocado, tropical and general stock. 



Jelly made from the guava, a Florida fruit, is unexcelled in the opinion 
of many. The guava is indigenous to the central and lower sections of the 
state. The fruit when opened resembles the fig, and has an exceedingly 
pleasing flavor. 



MOVEMENTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FROM FLORIDA 



COMMODITY 



SEASONS (In Cars) 



1910-11 1911-12|1912-13|1913-14|1914-15|1915-16 



Celery I 1724 

Lettuce I 1165 

Tomatoes I 6220 

Potatoes I 1201 

Melons and Cantaloupes | 4532 



1494 I 1564 

824 I 1802 

6120 I 6265 

1153 I 1425 

4597 I 3430 



2883 
1736 
6117 
2310 
4286 



2601 I 3608 

1417 I 1861 

4914 I 5933 

2195 I 1462 

3874 I 2806 





Compiled by Chase & Co., Jacksonville, Fla. 


PINEAPPLE CROPS 


FLORIDA CITRUS CROPS 




(In Crates) 




Total Movement by Carload, less 
Carload and Express 






Cuban 
Pine- 
apples 




Season | Boxes i Season | Boxes 




1888-89 1 1,950,000 | 1902-03 | 1,470,491 




Florida 


shipped 


1889-90 1 2,150,000 | 1903-04 i 1,954,954 




Pine- 


into the 


1890-91 2,450,000 | 1904-05 | 2,961,192 


Year 


apples 


U.S. 


1891-92 2.713,180 1 1905-06 | 3,794,131 


1905-06 


517,918 


949,432 


1892-93 3,450,000 1 


1906-07 3,801,101 


1906-07 


446,413 


661,634 


1893-94 5,055,367 


1907-08 3,250,000 


1907-08 


653,753 


950,966 


1894-95 1 2,808,187 


1908-09 4,634,587 


1908-09 


1.110,547 


1,263,466 


1895-96 147,000 


1909-10 6,100,000 


1909-10 


562,825 


1,336,707 


1896-97 218,379 


1910-11 4,600,000 


1910-11 


566,900 


1,081,979 


1897-98 358,966 


1911-12 4,750,000 


1911-12 


669,224 


1,222,000 


1898-99 252,000 | 


1912-13 1 8,125,000 


1912-13 


636,828 


1,201,588 


1899-00 274,000 


1913-14 1 7,946,926 


1913-14 


286,380 


1,300,514 


1900-01 352,600 


1914-15 1 9,700,000 


1914-15 


347,800 


1,249,982 


1901-02 974,033 


1915-16 8,370,000 


1915-16 


247,250 


963,553 




1916-17 7,649,048 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 15 



Some Promising Crops 



THE AVOCADO 

Only recently has attention been given to propagating the avocado on 
a large scale. Now there are several nurseries in southern Florida, and as 
a result of their activities considerable acreage is being planted to budded 
stock. The avocado was known in earlier days as the "alligator pear." The 
fruit is pear shaped, much larger than the ordinary pear, however, and 
having no other resemblance to the fruit. The meat has a rich, nutty flavor, 
the food value of which is great. The meat is eaten from the rind with a 
spoon, or is served as a salad. The earliest varieties ripen in July, and 
other varieties make the crop a continuous one until late fall. The Gaute- 
malan varieties ripen during January and the early spring months. 



SISAL HEMP 

For years Florida has been regarded as a promising field for the grow- 
ing of sisal hemp. Successful experiments have been made, but so far 
no well organized effort to carry on this industry has been effected. Inves- 
tigations in this direction are being pursued, and this bids fair to become 
soon a revenue producing industry of large proportions. 



CASTOR BEANS 

Considerable attention has been given to the cultivation of the castor 
bean in some of the counties of the Lower Florida peninsula, Osceola and 
DeSoto among them. The oil of the castor bean is among the best of lubri- 
cants, and is in great demand by the war department for use on flying 
machines. This industry is one of the most promising for Florida, since the 
castor bean grows readily, and practicaly without cultivation. The 
yield is estimated at from 15 to 30 bushels to the acre, and the value at 
from 80 cents to $1 per bushel. For the year ending June 30, 1914, the 
United States imported 1,043,928 bushels, valued at $1,145,085. 



PECANS 

Pecan culture is increasing in Florida. Already the crop is grown in 
forty-seven counties, the annual production of which is valued at upwards of 
half a million dollars. Jefferson county is famous for the size and quality 
of these nuts and leads all other counties in the quantity produced, the last 
figures compiled showing 95,101 bushels sold in the aggregate for $257,693. 
Jefferson will probably take second or third place in a few years, however, 



16 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

for Leon county has three-quarters of a million trees which will soon come 
into bearing, and Baker county has half as many not yet of bearing age. 

PEACHES 

Peaches are not generally regarded as a Florida crop, but in some 
sections of the State early varieties are successfully grown. Volusia county 
has 30,470 bearing trees, which produced a crop of 17,429 bushels in 1916, 
valued at $16,424. 



FIGS 

Okaloosa is one of the newest and smallest of Florida counties, but it 
heads the list in the production of figs, the last crop reported being 2,625 
crates. 



THE FIBERLESS MANGO 

Among the fortunate few who have been permitted to tickle their pal- 
ates with a morsel of the fiberless mango, it is almost without exception 
regarded as the most delicious of fruits. The fruit is of East Indian origin, 
and so far the progress made in propagating and growing the fiberless 
varieties has not been great. In time, however, it is to be expected that this 
rare fruit will be marketed in quantities. George B. Cellon, of Miami, is 
authority on the fiberless mango. 



Pasture Grasses and Forage Crops 

A large variety of grasses find natural conditions hospitable to their 
growth in Florida, the diversity being such that pasturage may be had the 
entire year. There is scarcely a section in which native grasses do not 
grow well. 



Meal made from the soja-bean, which grows readily in Florida, has been 
found to be the equal of cotton seed meal for the production of milk and 
butter. 



Common Florida grasses yield two tons of hay to the acre. The cut 
from some of the native and imported grasses and legumes is much heavier. 
Hay from leguminous crops is held by authorities to be twice as rich in 
protein as hay from grasses. 



The ease with which the soil is worked and natural conditions that favor 
it cause the making of pastures in Florida to be accomplished with compar- 
atively little labor. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 17 

Florida's never failing water supply, in conjunction with climatic and 
soil conditions, commend it strongly as a cattle growing country. Its moist, 
alluvial lands make the best pastures. Bermuda is regarded as the best 
foundation for a pasture. It is hardy, good for grazing and hay. Large 
water grass and Terrell grass are favorite pasture grasses along the water 
courses with the cattlemen of Florida, while bur clover and lespedeza are 
sown on the uplands and dry places. 



Crab-grass grows abundantly, following cultivated crops on Florida 
lands. Some farmers have made as much as a hundred dollars an acre 
from crab-grass hay after taking a profitable crop of potatoes or tomatoes 
previously from the same land. 



For winter grazing in Florida, oats, rye, barley and hairy vetch give 
the most satisfactory results. 



Para grass is growing in favor in southern Florida. It is not so well 
suited to the more northerly sections. 



Rhodes grass, comparatively new in Florida, is a native of Africa. It 
makes excellent hay and produces three tons and upward per acre. The 
hay compares in quality to the northern Timothy. 



Crowfoot is one of the valued hay grasses native to Florida. It is a 
volunteer following field crops, and is usually mixed with beggar-weed and 
Mexican clover. 



Sudan grass is a prolific hay plant in Florida, sometimes yielding eight 
tons to the acre. It is necessary to exercise care in selecting seed, as the 
plant is similar to Johnson grass, which is regarded as a pest. Sudan grass 
grows best on rich, loamy soils. 



The velvet bean is a rank growing annual legume, grown in Florida as 
a forage crop and soil restorative. It makes good hay, but is difficult to cut 
and cure on account of its long tangled vines. 



Florida farmers regard the beggarweed as a valuable forage plant. 
It is a volunteer growth found most commonly on old fields of light sandy 
soil. 



Cassava is grown in central and southern Florida, producing five to ten 
tons of roots per acre. It is valuable as a cattle and hog feed. 



The dasheen grows successfully in Florida. It is a tuber of the ca- 
ladium family, which contains better food values and is more prolific than 
the Irish potato. The government has conducted experiments in Hernando 
and Pasco counties. Two acres in the former produced 500 crates valued 
at $600. In the latter six acres gave 574 crates valued at 



18 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



The cattle industry has thrived in Florida for years, and many of her 
leading men have made fortunes from it, but only of recent years has the 
intiwiuction of improved broods and the installation of dipping vats for 
eradicating the cattle tick guaranteed the extension of the industry and 
increased the demand. Osceola county has imported a larger number of 
thoT'oughbred stock and has exported more cattle than any other Florida 
county. Alachua and Marion counties also have introduced large numbers 
of the best breeds. 



The loss to Florida cattlemen from disease and exposure to weather 
amounts to $150,000 a year. 



Florida hogs sold for slaughter each year are valued at upwards of three 
million dollars. The loss from disease amounts to a quarter of a million. 



An appropriation for hog cholera cure was passed by the Florida 
legislature of 1917, and a live stock board to administer tJie fund was created. 



Ten thousand dollars' worth of sheep and lambs are killed by dogs in 
Florida every year. The loss from exposure is more than seven thousand 
dollars. 



Bradford raises in the neighborhood of five thousand goats annually, 
leading all Florida counties in this industry. 

Okaloosa is the banner sheep county of Florida, its spring clip of wool 
amounting to S2,415 pounds. This industry is yet in its infancy. 



Florida's poultry and products amount to five million dollars. 



Florida's dairy products are $S, SSI. 452. 



Honey is produced in practically all Florida counties, the annual output 
from the busy little bees being 623,582 pounds, valued at $103,626. 



At last reports there were 296 silos in Florida, and this number has 
been increased since the statistics were compiled. !Many are built of wood, 
but a large number are concrete, and some are st^el. Farmers may have 
the advice and active assistance of the Extension Division of the University 
of Florida in silo construction. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 19 



Florida's Forest Resources 



The total land area of Florida is 35,111,040 acres, of which 27,000,000 
are forest, this wooded area being greater than that of any other state. 

The total stand of timber in Florida is estimated at upwards of a hun- 
dred billion feet (board measure) merchantable saw timber. 

There are about 462 saw mills in Plorida, with an average annual cut 
of upwards of a billion feet. At this rate of removal it doesn't appear that 
the timber resources of Florida are likely to be exhausted for a century. 

Florida has more kinds of trees than any other state. Dr. John GifFord, 
of Cocoanut Grove, gives a list of 281 native and cultivated trees. But few 
kinds are valuable commercially, however, the long leaf pine constituting 
about half the stand. Other kinds of pine and cypress also are commer- 
cially valuable. 

In 1908, the United States government established the Choctawatchee 
National Forest, embracing 735 square miles in Walton and Santa Rosa 
counties, and the Ocala National Forest in Marion county, of smaller area. 
As early as 1828 the government appropriated $10,000 for the purchase of 
live oak lands in West Florida, the timber being in demand for ship building, 
and between 1830-60, 208,824 acres in Florida were set aside for that pur- 
pose. These reservations included the whole of Santa Rosa island and 
scattered areas in middle and west Florida. 

Naval stores, the trade name applied to turpentine and resin, manufac- 
tured from the gum of the pine tree, constitute an important product of the 
Florida forests. The latest available statistics (State Census 1915) show 
an annual production of 8,884,218 barrels of spirits turpentine, valued at 
$3,354,114; 569,191 barrels of resin, valued at $3,434,199. 

There are thirty-five shingle and crate factories in Florida, the output 
of which is valued at $1,255,000 annually. There are twenty-nine barrel 
factories in Florida with an annual product valued at $117,975. 

More than thirty thousand persons are employed in Florida at saw and 
planing mills, barrel, crate and shingle factories, cabinet shops, and at 
turpentine distilleries, in the manufacture of native forest products. 

Florida is the only state with trees not found elsewhere in the world, as 
far as known to botanists. Both are conifers, one scientifically termed 
Tumion Taxifolium, or stinking cedar, and the other, Taxas Floridana. 



Florida has double the number of trees of merchantable value of 
any other state in the Union. 



20 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 




The mineral resources of Florida produce a revenue of twelve million 
dollars annually. 

The Florida Geological Survey was established by legislative act of 
1907. The first annual report was made in 1908. This bureau has issued 
many publications of value concerning the State's minerals, water supply 
and other natural resources. 

Florida has a State Museum illustrating the geological and mineral 
features of the State, which was started and is being maintained by the 
Geological Survey at Tallahassee. 

Hard rock phosphate, used largely in the manufacture of fertilizers, 
has been mined in Florida upwards of 25 years. The deposits have gen- 
erally been found in the western part of central peninsular Florida. The 
phosphate rock output for 1912 was 2,579,865 tons; foreign shipments, 
1,203,005 tons. About half the phosphate mined in Florida is used in the 
United States. The hard rock phosphate sold at the mines for $6 a ton; 
pebble phosphate at $2.75 to $4.50 per ton. The phosphate output for 1913 
amounted to $9,563,084. In mining phosphate rock, the overburden is 
removed by hydraulics. Thirty companies are engaged in mining phosphate. 

The earliest use of phosphate rock for agricultural purposes in Florida 
was by Dr. C. A. Simmons, of Hawthorne, Alachua county, in 1883. 

Nearly the whole product of fullers earth in the United States comes 
from Florida. Fullers earth is used for clarifying oils, as an ingredient of 
talcum powders, and to some extent for medicinal purposes, for poultices, 
etc. The chief mines in Florida are in Gadsden and Manatee counties. 
Value at the mines, $9.50 per ton. 

Extensive deposits of lime rock are found in Florida. In addition to 
its use in making lime for structural purposes the broken rock is used for 
railroad ballast, concrete manufacture and road building, and ground lime- 
stone is used for application to soils. 

The coquina rock found at Anastasia Island, near St. Augustine, Florida, 
has been used as building stone for more than three hundred years. It was 
the first stone used in America for building purposes. The magnificent 
Ponce de Leon hotel at St. Augustine, completed in 1887, is constructed of 
this material. Coquina consists of a mass of shells, varying in size, 
cemented together by calcium carbonate. 

Miami limestone is extensively used on the lower east coast of Florida 
for buildings and roads. The formation extends for some distance along 
the eastern border of the Everglades north and south of Miami. It is 
relatively soft when taken from the quarry, but hardens upon exposure. 
Dade county has a greater mileage of hard roads than any other Florida 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 21 

county, because of the accessibility of this rock, and its comparative cheap 
cost. The surface of these roads is treated with oil tar, which relieves the 
glare and enhances the durability of the surface. 

The native road materials of Florida include chiefly limestone, marl and 
shell, flint, chert, gravel and sandy clay. 

Deposits of peat are widely distributed through Florida. The fuel 
value of Florida peat has been demonstrated to be well up to the average 
of the peats of other countries. There is only one plant mining peat in 
Florida, the Ransom Humus Company, Pablo Beach. 

Several companies are boring for oil in Florida. Oil bearing sand has 
been discovered in Wakulla county at a depth of two thousand feet. 

It is estimated that $100,000 is spent annually in Florida for drilling 
deep wells. Vicksburg limestone is the chief water-bearing formation in the 
peninsula. 

Prehistoric shell mounds in the vicinity of New Smyrna, Fla., excite 
much interest. Some of these mounds cover several acres, and in places 
are forty feet high. They are found on the banks of the Indian and Halifax 
rivers. The supposition is that the marshes around New Smyrna were at 
one time a vast oyster bed and that the mounds were built through ages 
of accumulation by a race that fed principally on oysters. 

Alum Bluff, in Liberty county, Florida, has a precipitous face about 160 
feet high, and is characterized by the State Geologist (Dr. E. H. Sellards) 
as perhaps the most conspicuous topographic feature in all Florida. 

Fossil remains unearthed by mining operations in Florida show that 
Florida was once the home of the mastodon, elephant, rhinoceros, camel, 
llama, tapir, sloth, armadillo, crocodile and gavial. 

The clays of Florida are commercially utilized in the manufacture of 
common brick, hollow brick and tile. The manufacture of sand lime brick 
is also a considerable industry. 




Flowing wells are numerous in the central lake region of the Florida 
peninsula. Some of these deep wells whose flow does not reach the surface, 
are used for drainage and irrigation. The manner in which they are thus 
utilized is seen around Orlando. One of these wells, near Orlando, has 
developed the phenomenon of spouting. At intervals it sends a stream some 
thirty feet into the air. 

The springs of Florida are famous for their large volume of flow and 
for the clearness and beauty of their waters. Silver Springs, at Ocala, 
probably has the largest flow of any spring in the world, 368,913 gallons 
per minute. Blue Springs, at Juliette, is also a large spring, flowing about 



22 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

346,166 gallons per minute. The waters are wonderfully clear and the 
depth about forty feet. 

Florida is celebrated for the number and beauty of its lakes. Lake 
Okeechobee is the largest fresh water lake, with the exception of Lake 
Michigan, Ijing wholly within the United States. Its surface area exceeds 
700 square miles. 

The interior of Florida is being washed into the ocean, but not at a 
rate rapid enough to be alarming. According to estimates made by the 
State Geologist, the water of Silver Springs contains 274 pounds solids to 
every million pounds of water. The flow of the spring is three million 
pounds per minute. The interior of Florida is thus being carried into the 
ocean through Silver Springs at the rate of 890 pounds per minute, or about 
600 tons a day. The mineral solids removed in this manner amount to a 
little more than 400 tons annually per square mile. At this rate the sur- 
face level of the central peninsula is being lowered by solution at the rate 
of a foot in five or six thousand years. 



NAVIGABLE WATERS, JACKSONVILLE DISTRICT 



(Information taken from report of U. S. engineers) 
St. Johns River. — Rises in the marshes of Brevard county, Fla., near the 
east coast, and flows northwestwardly to Jacksonville; thence eastwardly 
into the Atlantic ocean, 122 miles south of the Savannah river. Its total 
length is about 285 miles. It is tidal for the lower 105 miles, and in dry 
periods for 10 miles farther. The upper river has a gentle slope and mod- 
erate current. For the lower 120 miles the width varies from 1,500 feet to 
3 miles. Above, the average width is 200 to 300 feet, as far as Lake Har- 
ney. Above Lake Harney the river narrows. 

Lake Crescent and Dunns Creek.— Lake Crescent lies in the northeastern 
part of the peninsula. Dunns Creek, the outlet of the lake, leaves the lak& 
at its northern end and flows in a northwesterly direction, emptying into the 
St. Johns river 7^4 miles above Palatka. Lake Crescent is 14 miles long 
and from 1 to 3 miles wide. Dunns Creek is about 8^ miles long and 150 to 
600 feet wide. Tidal influence is perceptible in the creek. 

Oklawaha River. — Has its source in the system of large lakes in the 
central part of the peninsula and flows in a general northerly direction, then 
eastwardly, emptying into the St. Johns river 22 miles above Palatka. The 
extreme head of the system may be taken as Lake Apopka, 120 miles above 
the mouth of the river. The width is from 50 to 200 feet in the lower 
portion and 20 to 75 feet above Silver Springs Run, a large tributary which 
enters 53 miles above the mouth. The stream is non-tidal. 

Indian River. — Is one of the series of shallow tidal lagoons and sounds 
on the east coast of the peninsula, between the mainland and the keys bor- 
dering the coast. It extends from about 25 miles north of Cape Canaveral 
to St. Lucie Inlet. The total length of Indian River is about 120 miles, but 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 23 

the improvement by U. S. government covers connecting waterways to 
Jupiter Inlet, 17 miles south of St. Lucie Inlet. The width varies from 1 
to 3 miles in Indian River. Through Jupiter Narrows the least width is 
75 feet. 

St. Lucie Inlet. — Is an opening from the Atlantic ocean into Indian 
River on the east coast, about 235 miles south of the mouth of the St. Johns 
River and about 100 miles north of Miami. The inlet is the result of an 
artificial cut made by local residents in 1892 through the low sand ridge 
separating the Indian River from the ocean. The cut was made 30 feet wide 
and 5 feet deep, but it rapidly widened until in 1908 it was over one-half 
mile in width. 

Biscayne Bay. — A large shallow, salt water sound lying between the 
Florida Keys and the mainland on the east coast, near the southern extrem- 
ity of the peninsula. Miami is situated on the west side of the bay, about 
midway between its head and its principal entrance at Cape Florida. Miami 
is about 335 miles south of the mouth of the St. Johns River and 160 miles 
north and east of Key West. The harbor embraces the artificial basins and 
channels that have been dredged along the city front and through the shoal 
waters of the bay to the ocean. 

Harbor at Key West. — Key West is located on the island of Key West, 
near the western end of the Florida Keys. It is about 516 statute miles 
from Jacksonville, 644 statute miles from New Orleans, and 220 miles south 
of the entrance to Tampa Bay. The harbor proper lies in front of the town, 
protected on the eastern side by the island and on the other side by sub- 
merged reefs and sand flats. It has a length of about 2 miles and a width of 
about one-quarter mile. Southwest of the harbor proper there is a large 
anchorage area protected by the reef. Entrance to the harbor is had 
through the breaks in the reef, there being five main and several minor 
channels. 

Kissimmee River. — Has its source in Tohopekaliga Lake, in the central 
part of the peninsula, and flows in a southeasterly direction, emptying into 
Lake Okeechobee. Its total length, including several large lakes through 
which it flows, is about 137 miles. Originally the river had its source in 
Lake Kissimmee, but many years ago canals were dug, primarily for drain- 
age purposes, connecting Lakes Kissimmee, Cypress, Hatcheneha and To- 
hopekaliga, thus extending the waterway to the latter lake. It is an 
extremely sinuous and rather sluggish non tidal stream, varying in width 
from 50 to 100 feet. The average fall is 0.39 foot per mile. 

Caloosahatchee River. — Has its source in Lake Okeechobee in the south- 
ern part of the peninsula, and flows in a general southwesterly direction, 
emptying into San Carlos Bay, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico, about 20 
miles south of the entrance to Charlotte Harbor and 90 miles south of the 
entrance to Tampa Bay. Its total length is about 84 miles. For the lower 
17 miles the river has the characteristics of a tidal estuary from one-half to 
1 % miles in width. Above the estuary the width varies from 75 to 350 feet. 
Originally there was no well defined low-water connection with Lake Okee- 



24 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

chobee, but many years ago canals were dug, primarily for drainage pur- 
poses, connecting the river with that lake through Lake Hicpochee. The 
river is tidal as far as Labelle, 59 miles from the mouth. Above Labelle the 
fall averages 0.54 foot to the mile, and from Labelle to Alva the fall aver- 
ages about 0.24 foot to the mile. The current is moderate. 

Orange River. — Rises in the southwestern part of the peninsula and 
flows in a general northwesterly direction, emptying into the Caloosa- 
hatchee River about 6 miles above Fort Myers. Its total length is some- 
what over 6 miles. The stream is tidal. Its width varies from 40 to 90 
feet. 

Charlotte Harbor. — A large bay on the west coast. The entrance is 70 
miles south of the entrance to Tampa Bay and 150 miles north of Key West. 
From the entrance the harbor extends in an easterly direction about 11 
miles; thence northwardly about 11 miles. Peace Creek enters at the head 
of the harbor. About two miles up Peace Creek is located the town of 
Punta Gorda. The general width of the harbor is 5 to BVz miles. The 
total area is about 111 square miles. 

Sarasota Bay. — A shallow sound on the west coast of the peninsula, 
separated from the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of low sand keys. At its 
northern end it connects with the southern extremity of Tampa Bay. Sar- 
asota Bay is about 20 miles long and from one-half to 3 miles wide. Little 
Sarasota Bay is about 10 miles long and from 300 feet to three-quarters 
mile wide. It is connected with Sarasota Bay by a narrow waterway about 
3 miles in length, known as "The Mangroves." 

Manatee River. — Rises in the western part of the peninsula and flows 
westwardly emptying into Tampa Bay at its southern end and near the 
entrance. Its total length is about 45 miles. For the first 12 miles above 
the mouth the river is a tidal estuary from one-half to 1 mile in width. 
From the head of this estuary to Rye, 22 miles above the mouth, the width 
decreases from about 600 feet to 80 feet. The river is tidal as far as Rye 
(22 miles). Above Rye, the fall is slight and the current moderate. 

Tampa Bay — A large arm of the Gulf of Mexico on the west coast of 
the peninsula. The entrance is about 220 miles north of Key West, and 
about 360 miles from Mobile, and 512 miles from New Orleans. From the 
entrance the bay extends in a northeasterly direction about 25 miles to 
Gadsdens Point. Here the bay is divided by the Gadsden Peninsula into 
two arms, the eastern being called Hillsboro Bay and the western. Old 
Tampa Bay. The width of the bay varies from 7 to 10 miles. There are 
two main entrances from the Gulf of Mexico — the main channel, five-eighths 
of a mile wide, between eighteen-foot contours, and the southwest channel, 
one-quarter of a mile wide, between eighteen-foot contours. 

Harbor at St. Petersburg. — St. Petersburg is situated on the west shore 
of Tampa Bay, about 17 miles from Egmont Light, 21 miles from Tampa, 
and 8% miles from Port Tampa. The harbor under improvement by the 
United States is an artificial basin within the shore line, called Bayboro 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 25 

Bay. The basin and the channel connecting it with the bay were dredged 
by private interests about 1911. 

Hillsboro Bay. — Is the eastern of the two arms into which Tampa Bay 
is divided by the Gadsden Peninsula. The entrance is 25 miles from the 
entrance to Tampa Bay. The bay is about 9 miles long and 4y2 miles wide. 
The natural depth varies from about 14 feet deep at the entrance to 16 or 
18 feet through the central portion, diminishing to 5 or 6 feet near its head, 
where the Hillsboro River enters the bay. 

Hillsboro River. — Rises in the western part of the peninsula and flows 
in a southwesterly direction, emptying into the upper end of Hillsboro Bay 
at Tampa. Its total length is about 51 miles. The river is tidal to the dam 
of the Tampa Electric Company, 10 miles above its mouth. The width is 
from 300 to 500 feet below the Lafayette Street Bridge, and averages 125 
feet to Sulphur Springs, 8 miles above the mouth, and about 100 feet from 
that point to the dam. Above the dam the river is narrow, crooked and 
obstructed, the maximum width being 60 to 125 feet. 

Clearwater Harbor and Boca Ceiga Bay.— Sounds on the west coast 
peninsula, north of Tampa Bay, separated from the Gulf of Mexico by a 
chain of low sand keys. With The Narrows, which connects them, they 
form a coastal waterway from Tampa Bay to St. Josephs Sound. Boca 
Ceiga Bay connects at its southern extremity with the lower part of Tampa 
Bay. It is from one-half to 3 miles wide and about 14 miles long, with 
natural depths varying from 1 to 31 feet, but generally about 5 to 9 feet. 
The Narrows is about 4 miles long and from 300 feet to a quarter of a mile 
in width, with depths varying from one-half foot to 6 feet. Clearwater 
Harbor is about 8 miles long and from one-half mile to 1% miles wide, 
with depths of from 2 to 4 or 5 feet. 

Anclote River. — Rises in the western part of the peninsula and flows 
southwestwardly, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 38 miles north of 
the entrance to Tampa Bay. Its total length is about 20 miles. In its upper 
reaches the river is very crooked, and flows sluggishly between compara- 
tively high banks from 20 to 60 feet apart. For 3 miles above Tarpon 
Springs the width varies from 60 to 100 feet. Below Tarpon Springs the 
river becomes a tidal estuary, varying in width from 600 to 1,200 feet. The 
river is tidal for 9 miles above Tarpon Springs. 

Crystal River. — Rises in the western part of the peninsula, and flows in 
a westerly direction emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 90 miles north 
of the entrance to Tampa Bay. Its total length is about 7 miles. The river 
is a tidal estuary, varying in width from 300 to 700 feet. 

Withlacoochee River. — Rises in the central part of the peninsula and 
flows in a general northwestwardly and westwardly direction, emptying into 
the Gulf of Mexico about 20 miles southeast of Cedar Key and 95 miles 
north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. Its total length is about 120 miles. 
For a good part of the distance from the headwaters to Morrisons Landing 
(45 miles above the mouth) the river flows through a series of swamps. 



26 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

lakes and wooded lagoons. The width varies from 30 to 250, feet, the slope 
is gentle and the current moderate. In the next 37 miles the fall is 33 feet, 
and the current rapid over rocky shoals. In this stretch the river is con- 
fined generally to a single channel, with an average width of 80 to 100 
feet. For the lower 9 miles the stream is tidal with widths of from 75 to 
150 feet. 

Suwannee River. — Has its source in the Okefenoke Swamp, in the 
southern part of Georgia, and flows in a general southerly direction, empty- 
ing into the Gulf of Mexico about 115 miles north of the entrance to Tampa 
Bay and 12 miles northwest of Cedar Key. Its total length is about 250 
miles. From its headwaters to EUaville (135 miles above the mouth) the 
stream gradually increases in width from about 75 to 150 feet. Below EUa- 
ville the widths increase from 150 to 500 feet at the passes, where the 
river divides to enter the Gulf. The river is tidal for 25 miles above the 
mouth. Above the tidal section the slope is steep and the current rapid. 
Extreme fluctuations due to freshets occur. 



Apalachicola River. — Heads in the mountains of Georgia, and is the 
only river of Florida which derives any of its waters outside the coastal 
plain. The waters of the Apalachicola are always muddy, whereas other 
Florida streams are usually clear. 



The Water Hyacinth. — The water hyacinth is found in the fresh-water 
streams and lakes in various parts of the State, and at times has become 
a serious obstruction to navigation on the St. Johns River and its tribu- 
taries, the Withlacoochee River and its tributaries, and the Caloosahatchee 
and Kissimmee River systems. The water hyacinth is not native in Florida, 
but is said to have been introduced in Florida waters about 1890. It spread 
rapidly, and before operations for its removal were begun the rivers affected 
were not infrequently so blocked with floating masses of the plant that 
navigation was seriously impeded and the rafting of logs, on which the 
lumber industry was dependent, was at times entirely stopped. The project 
was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and originally 
contemplated the destruction of the plants, so far as they constitute an 
obstruction to commerce, by crushing with a mechanical device installed on 
a steamer, using log booms to close sloughs and backwaters as an auxiliary 
means. The cost of equipping a suitable vessel and operating it for one 
year was estimated at $36,000. The project was modified by the river and 
harbor act of June 13, 1902, which authorized the use of any mechanical, 
chemical, or other means whatsoever to effect the purpose. The project was 
again modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, which pro- 
hibited the use of any chemical process injurious to cattle which may feed 
upon the plant. As modified, the project provides for the destruction or 
removal of the water hyacinth in the navigable streams of the State, so 
far as they constitute an obstruction to commerce, using any mechanical, 
chemical, or other means that is not injurious to cattle. No estimate of the 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 27 

final cost of the work has been made.— Extract Report Maj W. B. Ladue, 
Corps Engineers, U. S. A. (1916). 



Florida has a bottomless pit in Wekiwa Springs, which are the head- 
waters of the Wekiwa river. The main boil of these springs is supposed 
to have been of volcanic origin. Some of the older residents claim to remem- 
ber hearing the report when the earth was disrupted at this point. The 
rush of waters is so strong that expert divers are borne back to the surface. 
Though they are able to go far enough into the pool to be lost from sight, no 
one has ever been able to reach the bottom of the boil. 






Florida Fish Industry 






The office of shell fish commissioner was created by the Florida legis- 
lature of 1913. T. R. Hodges was the first shell fish commissioner. He was 
succeeded in 1917 by J. A. Williams. The fish commissioner works under 
the State Commissioner of Agriculture. 



The Florida Fish Commission operates twenty-two boats in the service, 
at an average cost of $27.33 per day. 

The Florida Fish Commission is sustained by revenue derived from the 
collection of licenses, oyster bed rentals and privilege taxes and sale of tags. 



The territory in Florida patroled in the enforcement of the fish and 
oyster conservation laws covers about three thousand miles. In two years, 
the Florida fish commissioner traveled 44 thousand miles pursuing his work. 



The shrimp industry, which is new to Florida, produces over a million 
dollars annually. Shrimp are canned extensively at Fernandina, Apalachi- 
cola and Pensacola. 



The stone crab and cray fish (Florida lobster) are fast disappearing 
from Florida waters. Fin fish, oysters and clams are protected by law, 
but shrimp, crabs and cray fish are not. 



Though Florida has a great expanse of fish propagating waters, no 
provision has been made for fish hatcheries. 



The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries recently made a survey of the oyster 



28 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

reefs of Franklin county, Florida, at a cost of $10,000. It is expected that 
Congress will provide for the continuation of such work in Florida waters. 



Two clam canning factories, located at Marco and Caxambas, in Lee 
county, Florida, use 13,000 bushels of clams annually. 



The tarpon, better known as the "silver king," is Florida's game fish. 
It is found in the waters of the lower coast and in the Gulf. 

The mullet is known as the revenue producing fish of Florida waters, 
being shipped in large quantities. 

The Spanish mackerel is a migratory salt water fish which produces a 
large revenue annually for Florida fishermen. 

The sea trout, found plentifully in Florida waters, is in great demand 
in northern markets. 

Shad is a salt water fish of Florida which is growing scarcer. It is 
regarded by many as the choicest of water borne foods. 

Sturgeon is a valuable salt water fish which finds its haunts in Florida 
waters. 

The pompano is a favorite fish taken from Florida waters. It has been 
termed the aristocrat of salt water fish. 

Sheepshead is a Florida fish of considerable value in the markets. 

Red Fish is found in all the salt waters of Florida, and is a favorite with 
sportsmen. 

The great variety of Florida fish has caused these waters to be sought 
by the great aquaria of northern and eastern cities for rare specimens, at 
the exercise of much care and at heavy expense. 

Florida has the only sponge fisheries in the United States, a million 
dollars' worth alone being shipped from Tarpon Springs in 1916. 

Sea turtles, weighing 200 or more pounds, are still found along the 
Florida coast. 

The manatee, or sea cow, still exists in Florida waters. 



POISON WATER PHENOMENON 

Outbreaks of poison water, which killed fish in large numbers, have 
been reported eight times between 1844 and 1916, from the west coast of 
Florida. The United States Bureau of Fisheries sent its experts to investi- 
gate, and the results of their observations were published in a pamphlet 
entitled "Mortality of Fishes on the West Coast of Florida." (Washington 
1917). The experts admit that the strange occurrence is still a mystery, 
though their observations are interesting. The Literary Digest, which had 
an article on the subject, thinks a plausible explanation is that slight earth- 
quake shocks release from the sea bottom poisonous gases, resulting from 
the decay of sedimentary organic matter, and that these gases dissolved in 
the sea water interfere with the life processes of the fish. The shocks in 
question may be due to West Indian hurricanes, says the Digest. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 29 






Public Education 



There are 2,916 public schools in Florida. The total school population 
(6 to 21) is 302,028; white, 183,607; negro, 118,421. Total school enroll- 
ment is 198,365; white, 135,883; negro, 62,482. Average daily attendance, 
144,419; white, 98,847; negro, 45,572. 

The amount invested in public school property in Florida is $7,409,947. 
Florida spends annually $3,818,675.13 for public education. The amount 
paid teachers is $2,086,725.33. The number of teachers employed is 5,734. 
The average monthly pay of teachers is $56.25; average based on twelve 
months is $30.32. The average length of the school term is 130 days. In 
many school districts the schools run eight months. The public school fund 
is supplemented by local taxation in 784 school districts. The State levies 
one mill for school purposes. The constitutional county levy is 7 mills 
maximum and 3 mills minimum. 



Florida has a local option compulsory school attendance law, but it has 
been adopted in only a few of the counties. 



Florida has 104 high schools. 



Lee county, Florida, has taken the lead in establishing teacherages for 
rural school teachers. 



Florida supports by legislative appropriation the University (for men), 
at Gainesville; the College for Women, at Tallahassee; the School for the 
Deaf and Blind, at St. Augustine, and the Agricultural and Mechanical 
College for Negroes, at Tallahassee. The last mentioned is co-educational. 
Buildings, real estate and equipment for these institutions represent an 
investment of $1,087,434.24. The expenditure for maintenance for the last 
biennium was $695,644.18. 



Rollins College is the oldest institution of higher learning in Florida. 
It was incorporated and opened in 1885. The first president was Dr. Edward 
P. Hooker. The endowment fund is $242,000. Rollins is co-educational. 
It is situated at Winter Park, five miles north of Orlando, on the Atlantic 
Coast Line, 140 miles south of Jacksonville. 



Stetson University, located at DeLand, on the Atlantic Coast Line, 100 
miles south of Jacksonville, was incorporated in 1887. The university was 



30 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

named in honor of John B. Stetson, the famous hat manufacturer, who was 
the chief donor to its endowment, which is upwards of a million dollars. The 
sum of $400,000 is invested in the university plant and grounds. John F. 
Forbes was its first president. Stetson is co-educational. 



Southland Seminary, at St. Petersburg, is an independent college for 
girls. 

The Florida Normal School at Madison is a special training school for 
teachers. 

The State Reform School for Boys is located at Marianna, and a similar 
institution for girls is located near Ocala, in Marion county. 

Sectarian colleges in Florida are located as follows: Columbia College 
(Baptist), at Lake City; Southern College (Methodist), at Sutherland; 
Cathedral School for Girls (Episcopal), Orlando; St. Leo College (for boys), 
St. Leo, and the Academy of the Holy Name, at San Antonio (for girls) 
(Catholic), in Pasco county. 



Manufacturing Establishments 

Florida has 5,175 manufacturing establishments, which give employ- 
ment to 64,235 persons, and wages amounting to $29,653,731. Capital 
invested is $67,611,774. 

Florida manufactures 400,736,457 cigars anually, valued at $18,811,491, 
and 7,800,000 cigarettes, valued at $15,400. 

Florida manufactures 8,884,218 gallons of turpentine annually, valued 
at $3,354,114, and 569,101 barrels of resin, valued at $3,430,199. 

Florida has 137 ginneries, with an output of 20,841 bales of upland 
cotton, valued at $1,196,103; and 23,160 bales of Sea Island cotton, valued 
at $2,004,897. 

Cigars are manufactured in 19 Florida counties. Hillsborough (Tampa) 
leads, with 267,792,000 cigars annually; Monroe (Key West)ranks next, with 
103,486,109 cigars. Tampa is the only Florida city in which cigarettes are 
made. (Above figures from State census, 1915). 

The lumber and timber products of Florida are valued at $20,863,000 
annually.* 

There are twelve fertilizer factories in Florida, the output of which 
amounts to $3,878,000 annually.* 

There are 174 printing offices in Florida that give employment to 905 
persons, and whose annual product is valued at $1,866,000.* 

There are 113 bakeries in Florida, whose annual product is valued at 
$1,292,000.* 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 31 

There are 70 ice factories in Florida, which yearly turn water into ice 
at a value of $1,207,000.* 

The manufactured product of all Florida industries amounts to 
$72,890,000 annually.* 



*U. S. Census, 1910. 



The Over-Sea Railroad 



The actual development of the East Coast of Florida began with the 
coming to Florida, in 1885, of Henry M. Flagler, of New York. Pos- 
sessed of great wealth and the passion for achievement, Mr. Flagler pro- 
jected and started the great system of palatial hotels and transportation 
lines which now stand as an enduring monument to his memory. 

Mr. Flagler's first enterprise was the building of the great Ponce de 
Leon hotel at St. Augustine, at a cost of two and half million dollars. This 
was completed in 1887, and was followed shortly by the erection of the 
Alcazar and Cordova hotels. In 1886 Mr. Flagler purchased the narrow 
gauge railroad which connected South Jacksonville and St. Augustine. In 
'87 he acquired the narrow gauge Daytona road, and the next year he bought 
the St. Augustine-Palatka line. These roads were changed to standard 
gauge, and in 1889 the St. Johns river bridge was built and service opened 
between Jacksonville and Daytona. Construction from Daytona down the 
coast was taken up and service established to West Palm Beach April 2, 
1894. At Palm Beach the Royal Poinciana and Breakers hotels were built, 
and the Ormond hotel at Ormond was purchased and remodeled. Mr. Flag- 
ler made his pioneer trip to Miami in a spring wagon, and two years 
later, April 16, 1896, Miami was connected to the north by regular train 
service, and the Royal Palm hotel was completed. As the construction pro- 
ceeded southward a crew of engineers and surveyors was ever in advance, 
preparing for the completion of the "farthest South" railway, which had 
existed for years only in the imagination of the great developer. 

The convention between the United States and Panama which insured 
the construction of the Panama Canal was signed Nov. 18, 1903, and July 
22, 1904, Jos. C. Meredith was appointed chief engineer for the construc- 
tion of the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway. Con- 
struction south of Homestead commenced April, 1905. This marked the 
beginning of the "Oversea Railway" proper, which was opened to traffic 
January 22, 1912. On January 2, 1912, Mr. Flagler was 82 years old. Thus 
he lived to see the completion of his gigantic enterprise. He died at Palm 
Beach in the spring of 1913, and was interred in a vault at St. Augustine, 

Mr. Meredith died during the construction and was buried at Miami. 
The railway company erected an unhewn granite monolith above his grave 



32 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

with this inscription: "In memory of Joseph Carroll Meredith, chief en- 
gineer in the construction of the Key West Extension of the Florida East 
Coast Railway, who died at his post of duty April 20, 1909. This memorial 
is erected by the railway company in appreciation of his skill, fidelity and 
devotion in this last and greatest work of his life." William J. Krome, 
Mr. Meredith's first assistant, succeeded him and carried the great work 
to successful completion. Joseph R. Parrott, president of the Flagler road 
during this period, has also passed away. So that three of the leading 
figures in this stupendous undertaking have paid their last debt to nature. 
W. H. Beardsley, who was vice-president and treasurer at that time, is 
now president of the road, and J. P. Beckwith is vice-president in active 
management of traffic and operation. J. E. Ingraham, vice-president, has 
charge of the land and industrial department. 

The distance from Homestead to Key West Terminal is 128.4 miles. 
There are 11.1 miles of concrete arch viaducts and 6.1 miles of steel bridging 
resting on concrete piers. The longest bridge is between Knights Key and 
Little Duck Key, which with approaches is over 7 miles long. The greatest 
depth of water is at Bahia Honda harbor, where foundations of some of the 
piers are 30 feet below tide level. 

Key West is nearly 300 miles nearer the eastern terminus of the 
Panama Canal than any other Gulf port. 

DISTANCES IN ENGLISH STATUTE MILES FROM KEY WEST TO: 

Belize, British Honduras 618] Honolulu (via Panama Canal). ...5,686 

Bluefields, Nicaragua l,050|Matanzas, Cuba 135 

Cienfuegos, Cuba (via Cape New Orleans, La 580 

San Antonio) 625|Port Limon, Costa Rica 1,090 

Colon, Panama 1,386J Santiago de Cuba (via Cape San 

Galveston, Texas 865i Antonio) 735 

Greytown, Nicaragua l,075|San Juan, P. R 1,115 

Guayaquil, Ecuador (via Panama Tampico, Mexico 1,025 

Canal) 2,386 1 Valparaiso, Chile 3,686 

Havana, Cuba 1051 Vera Cruz, Mexico 990 






Florida's Coast Line Canal 



—• * 



The first charter of the Florida Coast Line Canal and Transportation 
Company was obtained from the Legislature June 24, 1881. Subsequent 
articles of Association being filed July 23rd, 1881, June 27, 1882, and 
March 18, 1885. 

Work on canal was begun in 1882 and continued with occasional in- 
terruptions till 1912, when canal was finally completed between the St. 
Johns river on the north, to Biscayne Bay on the south, making a con- 
tinuous waterway navigable for light draft boats of 360 miles. Few peo- 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 33 

pie realize the immensity of this work or of the many difficulties, financial 
and otherwise, encountered during its prosecution. Had it not been for the 
untiring and unselfish devotion of its first president. Dr. John Wescott, 
Mr, Geo. L. Bradley, Mr. Frederic Amory, Mr. A. H. Sawyer, Mr. Geo. 
F. Miles, Mr, Samuel Maddox, and a few other backers of the enterprise, 
the work would have been abandoned. 

The total cost of the Canal was a little over three and a half million 
dollars. From this can be deducted proceeds of state land grant, amount- 
ing to approximately one million, three hundred thousand dollars, leaving 
the net cost of the canal something over two million two hundred thousand 
dollars. 

On January 1, 1914, three toll chains were established between the St. 
Johns and Indian Rivers, and in March, 1916, three chains were added 
between Jupiter and Biscayne Bay. 

During the last fiscal year, 7,178 boats passed through chains of the 
Company, varying in size from a small fishing launch, to large house 
boats, yachts, dredges, etc. Since the opening of the Canal in 1914 ship- 
pers have been saved an average of $50,000 per year on freights by using 
this waterway. 

Owing to its use by many boats of greater draft than the canals were 
intended to accommodate, much difficulty has been experienced in keep- 
ing the waterway to grade. On this work from one to three dredges have 
been constantly employed since 1914, two machines being at work at the 
present time (November, 1917), 

The present officers of the company are: Frederic Amory, President; 
A, H, Sawyer, Secretary and Treasurer; Geo. W, Gibbs, Asst. Treasurer and 
Gen. Manager, The principal office of the Company is at St. Augustine, Fla. 



IFlorida^s Good Roads System 
♦ 



Florida spends more per capita for road improvement than any other 
State. 

There are 9,224 miles of improved roads in Florida, 4,158 miles of 
which are graded earth roads; 664 miles of modified asphalt; 483 miles of 
vitrified brick; 35 miles of concrete; 1,268 miles of rock; 92 miles of rock, 
oil treated; 538 miles of shell; 1,944 miles of sand clay. 

County and district bond issues for building roads in Florida amount 
to $17,600,000. The bonded area equals 68 per cent, of the total area of the 
State. The constitution does not permit bonding the State for road building. 

Polk leads all Florida counties in the amount expended for good roads, 
voting $1,500,000 in a single issue. The material used in Polk is modified 
asphalt, Duval, Hillsborough and Palm Beach counties each have spent a 
million for hard roads. 



34 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Orange county claims the distinction of having started the good roads 
movement in Florida, and it was the first to complete its system of hard 
roads from county line to county line. The central Florida branch of the 
Dixie Highway traverses Orange county. That county's bonded debt for 
roads is $600,000. The roads are vitrified brick. 

Dade county, Florida, roads are built of native (limestone) rock, treated 
with oil, giving the appearance of asphalt. These roads are constructed at 
a cost which is comparatively small, accounted for by having the material at 
hand. 

Florida has a State Highway Commission composed of five members. 
A competent engineer is in charge of the work. The commission has the 
authority to designate State Roads and State Aid Roads. To meet the 
amount of Federal aid allotted to Florida, a levy of one-half mill was 
authorized by the Legislature of 1917. The fund from this special levy and 
the Federal Aid funds are to be used under the supervision of the commis- 
sion. (State Road Dept.). 

Florida has a single State license tax on automobiles and all other 
motor driven vehicles. This does away with county and municipal licenses, 
which heretofore were quite an annoyance to tourists. 

The Florida Highway Commission has the authority to work three 
hundred convicts on State roads. The counties in which they work must 
provide an amount equal to fifty per cent, of the cost of the work done under 
the supervision of the commission. 



The Old Spanish Trail. — This is a vast road building project extending 
across the continent from Los Angeles to Miami, on the east coast of Flor- 
ida, and Fort Myers, on the west coast. From Los Angeles to Miami the 
distance is about 3,400 miles. The highway skirts the Gulf of Mexico for a 
large part of the way, running through Phoenix, Ariz., Deming, N. M., El 
Paso, Dallas, taking in Houston and Galveston, Texas, entering Louisiana 
at Shreveport, embracing Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Mobile, Pensacola, 
Tallahassee, and branching at Lake City, the west branch touching Gaines- 
ville, Ocala, Brooksville, Tampa and Fort Myers; the east branch extending 
to Jacksonville and going down the coast to Miami. The present highway 
eastward from Tallahassee was known for years as the St. Augustine Road. 
The early settlers, and before them the Spaniards, used a road traversing 
the northern part of Florida from Pensacola to St. Augustine, which in 
time became known as the Spanish Trail. This afforded basis for the high- 
way which it is expected will be constructed within the next two years. 
Several Florida counties have planned bond issues to build their respective 
mileage, and when details have all been arranged it is expected that the 
State Road Department will take it over, which would insure proper con- 
struction and upkeep. 



Tamiami Trail. — The development of the fertile lands of Florida is being 
achieved through numerous heretofore untried plans and projects, one of 
which is the construction of the Tamiami Trail. The idea of a hard high- 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 85 

way across the Everglades was first agitated in Tampa, to connect that city, 
on the Gulf coast, with Miami, on the Atlantic coast; hence the contraction, 
Tamiami. As the highway is being built, however, it runs from Miami west 
to Marco, on the Gulf, and skirts the west coast in a northwesterly direction 
to Fort Myers, the entire distance being some 135 miles. That portion of the 
road which is under construction through the Everglades in Dade county 
aflfords a novel example of road building. It was impracticable to build a 
hard-surfaced highway upon soft muck land of from six to ten feet deep, so 
a double canal is being opened, the muck is removed from both until the 
limestone foundation is reached and then the rock is excavated from the 
bottom of one canal and used to fill the other canal up to the surface level, 
thus making a solid rock road from the natural foundation upward, and 
transforming a canal into a roadway. To pay the cost of this road, a 
special road district was created in Dade county, including Miami, and bonds 
to the amount of $250,000 were issued. To encourage the enterprise, the 
State gave land to the value of $100,000 in each of the counties (Dade and 
Lee) through which the highway passes. Proceeds from the sale of these 
lands could not legally be used for road building, but are being applied to 
the extension of the Everglades drainage canal system in the districts 
traversed by the roads, thus the construction of this novel highway will 
serve a doubly useful purpose. In Lee county bonds to the amount of $177,- 
500 were issued to build the road from Fort Myers to Marco, a distance of 
some 50 miles, and $125,000 from Marco to the Dade county line. In this 
county the proceeds from the sale of lands given by the State to the amount 
of $100,000 will be used for the excavation of a canal to parallel the road- 
way. In Dade county such money is to be used in extending the Snapper 
Creek canal. It is intended, also, to make a drainage canal of the excava- 
tion alongside the road which has been made in securing the rock for road 
building. At the time this is written (December, 1917) about ten miles of 
road have been completed from the Miami end. As the point at which the 
construction of the Trail proper was started is eight miles from Miami, it 
would probably be more accurate to give eighteen miles as the distance the 
road has reached from Miami. In Lee county the road has been completed 
from Fort Myers to Naples, a distance of some 35 miles, and has been 
graded several miles in advance. The construction in Lee county thus far is 
of rock and shell. The Tamiami Trail commissioners for Dade county are 
L. T. Highleyman, J. F. Jaudon and R. E. McDonald; in Lee county the 
special commissioner is E. G. Wilkinson. It is calculated that the Tamiami 
Trail will be completed during the summer of 1919. 



Of all the Florida lands in farms operated by white farmers, 
more than 85 per cent, is operated by owners. The average size of a 
Florida farm is 105 acres, but more than a third are from 20 to 49 
acres. In Florida the intensive farmer is the most prosperous. Sev- 
enty per cent, of the farmers in Florida are white. 



36 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 




Florida has thirteen reservations for the protection and preservation 
of bird life. There are sixty-eight in the United States and its possessions. 

The first Federal bird reservation in America was established at Peli- 
can Island, near Sebastian, on the East Coast of Florida. The date of its 
formal setting aside was March 14, 1903, but for more than half a century 
ornithologists had visited Pelican Island, and numerous volumes of their 
observations have been published. Bibliography can be secured from the 
Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. 

Following is a list of the bird reservations in Florida in order as they 
were established: Pelican Island, Passage Key, Indian Key, Mosquito Inlet, 
Tortugas Keys, Key West, Pine Island, Palma Sola, Matlachla Pass, Island 
Bay, Orange Lake, Julia A. Hanson reservation, and Royal Palm State 
Park, the last named being owned by the Florida Federation of Women's 
Clubs. The Hanson reservation was established by the Florida Audubon 
Society. It was named in honor of the chairman of the Bird Protection Com- 
mittee of the Florida Federation. 

For purposes of administration the government has grouped bird 
reservations in six districts. The Florida reservations are in the Gulf dis- 
trict. No. 1, including the reservations in Louisiana and Porto Rico. The 
most important birds protected in this district are brown pelicans, gulls, 
terns, herons and ducks. At Pelican Island the only species which breeds is 
the brown pelican, and on the Tortugas reservation the breeding birds 
are chiefly noddy and sotty terns and a few least terns. At Mosquito 
Inlet and Passage Key and other reservations on the West Coast herons 
of several species are found. At Passage Key laughing gulls and terns of 
various species also nest. On the Mosquito Inlet reservation manatees and 
porpoises find protection, and both species have been increasing since the 
reservation was established. On Passage and Indian Keys are found the 
snowy egret and pink curlew. These were formerly the prey of plume 
hunters, but during the past few years the practice of taking their plumes 
has been outlawed and several plume hunters have received severe sen- 
tences in the criminal courts. On the Hanson reservation, a few miles from 
Fort Myers, numbers of white egrets, herons, ibis and roseate spoonbills 
(pink curlew) are reported. The Royal Palm Park reservation is rich in 
its variety of rare birds. 

In Florida it is against the law to kill any wild bird, except game 
birds in open season; to hunt without a license; to hunt on Sundays; to 
kill or cage song birds or destroy their nests. Licenses may be obtained 
from the county judge. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 37 

The Legislature of 1913 established the office of state game warden, 
but the Legislature of 1915 abolished the office, placing the duties of game 
warden upon the sheriff of each county. 






Royal Palm State Park 



This forest reserve is an Everglade key, or hammock island, that has 
been protected for ages from fire by the head-waters of Taylor River which 
surround it. It is different in vegetation from the high pineland ham- 
mocks, having a more tropical growth. It gets its name from the most 
conspicuous element, scores of royal palms towering above the other trees. 
Some 241 kinds of plants have been identified in it, a number having been 
found nowhere else on the mainland of the United States. Scientists think 
it belongs geologically and botanically to the West Indies, therefore a visit 
to the Park by automobile is the easiest way of seeing West Indian nature. 
It is reached by traveling 45 miles south of Miami over Ingraham Highway, 
a continuation of the Dixie Highway. 

Mrs. Kirk Munroe first suggested the reservation of this forest, unique 
in the United States. The Florida Federation of Women's Clubs secured 
from the Legislature of 1915 the grant of Royal Palm Hammock, with the 
proviso that the Federation secure a like acreage as endowment, which 
makes a park of 1,920 acres. Florida's is the only Federation in the United 
States owning a state park. It has been maintained entirely by private 
subscription until the past year, when Dade County Commissioners aided 
the Federation. An expert caretaker has been kept there and a lodge built. 

Some of the scientists who have found Royal Palm State Park most 
interesting in flora and fauna are: Dr. J. K. Small, Curator New York 
Botanical Gardens, and who was a pioneer botanist there; Chas. T. Simp- 
son, probably the most accomplished conchologist in the world; Dr. John 
Gifford, formerly Assistant Professor Forestry, Cornell University; P. H. 
Rolfs, Florida Experiment Station; Dr. Roland M. Harper, Geologist; Mr. 
Kirk Munroe, author, probably the first white man to enter it; David Fair- 
child, U. S. Dept. Agriculture; Dr. W. E. SaflFord, Economic Botanist, Dept. 
Agriculture, and who is now preparing an article on the Park for the 
Smithsonian Institution; Thos. E. Snyder, Specialist in Forest Entomology, 
Dept. Agriculture; J. Arthur Harris, Station Experimental Evolution, Car- 
negie Institute. Until recently the Park has been a virgin field for bird 
observation, and 110 species have been identified there within the past year, 



S8 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

some rare ones. Occasionally animals of the wild are yet to be seen in 
it. A biological survey of the region is planned by the U. S. Dept. of Agri- 
culture in the near future. 



♦Written for Flashlights by Mrs. Hiram Byrd, of the Florida Feder- 
ation of Women's Clubs (1917). 






Financial Institutions and Taxes 



Florida individuals paid Federal income tax to the amount of $305,879.91 
for the year ending June 30, 1917. The amount paid by Florida corporations 
was $327,655.04. 

Florida paid "general taxes," through the U. S. Internal Revenue 
Collector's office for the year ending June 30, 1917, of $2,192,383.95. The 
largest item was on cigars, cigarettes, tobacco, distilled spirits, etc., amount- 
ing to $1,558,849. 

Florida's aggregate taxable valuation, as shown by the comptroller's 
books for 1916 were $304,944,175. The State tax rate is 9 mills. 

Florida has 181 regular State banks, 12 trust companies, 4 savings 
banks, 2 special charter banks, 2 private banks, all of which are under 
State charter, and 54 National banks. The 201 State institutions employ 
capital stock of $7,423,000; surplus, $2,500,629; certificates of deposit, $4,- 
870,843; individual deposits, $18,968,735; savings deposits, $13,865,890. The 
National banks have capital stock paid in of $6,381,000; surplus fund of $3,- 
289,000; demand deposits of $34,275,000; time deposits, $21,368,000. 



CUSTOMS DISTRICT OF FLORIDA. 

Statement showing- business as transacted at the ports of Florida, taken 

from the report of the Secretary of the Treasury for the fiscal year ending 
June 30. 1916. 

Vessels Entered from Vessels Cleared for Total Receipts. 

Port. Foreign Ports. Foreign Ports. 

Tampa 178 148 $1,852,210.75 

Apalachicola 4 3 515.69 

Boca Grande 27 12 1.844.71 

Carrabelle 4 3 136.94 

Fernandina 27 31 1.901.35 

Jacksonville 83 63 13.456.06 

Key West 728 683 405.428.45 

Miami 119 119 9.982.02 

Pensacola 216 254 15.502.26 

Port Inglis 2 2 167.13 

St. Andrews 43 52 1.019.50 

St. Augustine ... 4.560.81 

Total 1.431 1.370 $2,306,725.97 

Value of exports for the District $25,541,217 

Total imports for the District $ 6,920,771 



Glimpses of 
Florida History 



FLORIDA 



Discovered March 27, 1513 (Spanish). 

Huguenots settled near mouth of the St. John's 1564 
(French) . 

St. Augustine founded by Menendez (Spanish) Sept. 6, 1565. 

Massacre of French colonists by Menendez Sept. 20, 1565. 

Spanish colonists massacred by de Gourges (French) in 
spring of 1568. 

Florida ceded by Spain to England in 1763. 

Territory divided into East and West Florida by British. 

Retro-ceded by England to Spain in 1783. 

Ceded by Spain to United States 1819. 

Territorial government organized at Pensacola 1822. 

Seminole war 1835-42. 

Admitted into the Union 1845. 

Seceded January 10, 1861. 

Readmitted 1868. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 41 



SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD 

(1513-1763) 

The right to the discovery of Florida belongs to John Cabot (1497) and 
Amerigo Vespucci, about the same time, but Juan Ponce de Leon was its 
first explorer. 



Ponce de Leon named Florida in honor of the date of its discovery by 
him, which was Easter Sunday (Pascua Florez), March 27, 1513. 



In 1516, Diego Miruelo, a Spanish navigator from Cuba, sailed up the 
west coast of Florida and discovered Pensacola Bay. He is alleged to have 
procured gold from the Indians, and upon his return to Cuba spread reports 
of the great wealth of the new land. 



The first governor of Florida was Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, commis- 
sioned by the Spanish crown in 1521. He attempted to plant a colony 
where the English later built Jamestown. At that time Florida extended to 
the Canadian line. 



Hernando de Soto sailed from Spain in 1538 with six hundred picked 
men, and after spending the winter in Cuba, entered a bay on the west 
coast of Florida, May 25, 1539, the day of the Feast of Pentecost. He 
named the bay Espiritu Santo because of the day of its discovery. This 
was later named Tampa Bay, from an Indian village in that vicinity. De 
Soto attempted no colonization, but marched northwesterly and finally died 
on the banks of the Mississippi River. 



The first attempt of the French to colonize Florida was made by Jean 
Ribaut in the spring of 1562. He sailed up the coast of Florida and set up 
a stone pillar at the mouth of the St. Johns river, claiming Florida as a 
possession of France. He proceeded farther north and landed at Port 
Royal, S. C, then a part of Florida, and after leaving a number of men 
there, sailed for France, expecting to return soon. Ribaut was accom- 
panied by Rene de Laudonniere, who returned in 1564 and set up a Huguenot 
colony on Anastasia Island. The settlement was named Fort Caroline. 



In 1565, Philip II. of Spain gave the title of governor and captain 
general of Florida to Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who was said to be "an 
admirable soldier and matchless liar, brave as a mastiff and savage as a 
wolf." He proved his savagery by murdering the French colonists, about 
five hundred, only fifty of whom escaped. 



42 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

In August, 1567, Dominique de Gourges, a nobleman of Gascony, 
enraged by the tidings of the massacre of the French colonists by Menendez, 
sailed from Bordeaux to wreak vengeance upon the Spanish. He stopped 
by San Domingo and repaired his vessels, reaching Florida early in 1568. 
He made an alliance with the Indians, and in the spring of 1568 he fell upon 
the Spanish colonists who had killed his countrymen and slew the most of 
them in like manner. 



In 1583 the convent of St. Francis was founded at St. Augustine. 



In 1586, Sir Francis Drake, an English sea rover, returning from a free- 
booting expedition to the West Indies, sighted evidences of settlement at 
St. Augustine. He fired several cannon shots at the fortifications, which 
so surprised and alarmed the Spanish that they abandoned the fort, and the 
town also surrendered. Drake burned the town. 



In 1592 twelve Franciscan missionaries arrived in Florida from Spain, 
and in two years had established twenty missions. Nearly, if not all, of 
these were destroyed by the Indians a few years later, and those priests 
who were not slain were driven out. Early in the 17th century some of the 
missions were restored. 



In 1607, the English colony of Virginia fixed the boundary limiting 
Florida to the territory south of the 34th parallel. In 1663, the Carolina 
charter set it down to the 30th parallel. Two years later the line was car- 
ried about fifty miles south of St. Augustine, but the boundary question was 
not settled until Georgia colonists established the line between Georgia and 
Florida, after considerable hostile interchange. 



Fort Marion, at St. Augustine, Fla., was under construction for nearly 
a century and a quarter before its completion. Captive Apalache Indians, 
who were conquered by the Spanish in 1638, did the heaviest part of the 
work covering a period of 60 years. The fort was built of coquina rock 
mined on Anastasia Island. It was christened Fort San Marco, the English 
called it St. John, and the Americans changed its name to honor the Marion 
of Revolutionary fame. 



In 1665 English buccaneers from the West Indies invaded Florida 
and pillaged St. Augustine. The fort was not completed at that time, and the 
garrison made no resistance. 



In 1699 the boundary between French Louisiana and Spanish Florida 
was settled peaceably by fixing the Perdido river as the boundary line. 
When the British took possession in 1763, the western boundary was 
extended to Lake Ponchartrain. The Apalachicola river was then the east- 
em boundary of West Florida. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 43 

In May, 1719, the French captured Pensacola from the Spanish, and in 
the summer of the same year the Spanish recaptured the fort. In Septem- 
ber of the same year, the French again attacked, blew up San Carlos and 
destroyed Pensacola. This was during the war between Spain and France. 
Six months later, peace was declared and what was left of Pensacola was 
restored to the Spanish. 

St. Augustine. — Menendez landed on Florida soil May 28, 1565, entering 
a harbor which he named St. Augustine, after the saint honored on that date. 
Shortly afterward he began work on fortifications. With the exception 
of certain Mexican settlements, St. Augustine is the oldest town on the con- 
tinent. This and other Florida colonies were fifty years old before the 
Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth. 

Early Colonial Wars. — Encroachments of English colonists upon Florida 
led to the invasion in 1676 and 1686, of South Carolina by the Spanish, and 
in 1702 the South Carolina Assembly voted $10,000 for an invasion of 
Florida. This expedition resulted in failure. In 1706, an invasion of 
South Carolina was attempted by French and Spanish colonists, their 
governments being allies against the English. This also proved futile. 
In 1739, General Oglethorpe of Georgia invaded Florida up to the gates of 
St. Augustine. War was declared between England and Spain in 1739, and 
on June 20, 1740, after considerable preparation, Oglethorpe began the 
siege of St. Augustine. The siege lasted until July 13, when he gave it 
up as useless. Marks of Oglethorpe's bombardment still remain on the walls 
of Fort Marion. In July, 1742, the Spanish invaded Georgia and landed 
some four thousand men near Frederica, where the battle of Bloody Marsh 
was fought in which two hundred were slain. By superior generalship, 
Oglethorpe forced the retreat of the Spaniards, and in 1743 again invaded 
Florida up to the gates of St. Augustine, but the Spanish would not give 
battle, and the English general retired satisfied. This ended hostilities 
between the Spanish and English colonies. 

Settlement of Pensacola. — The first attempt to colonize Pensacola was 
made in 1559 by Don Tristan de Luna y Arellano, who was sent at the head 
of an expedition from Vera Cruz, Mexico, at the direction of Philip II. of 
Spain, acting through Don Luis de Velasco, Viceroy of Mexico. Hardships 
and dissensions caused the abandonment of the colony in 1560. In 1696, 
one hundred and thirty-six years later, the foundation of Pensacola was 
laid by Don Adres D'Arriola, near the present site of Fort Barrancas, 
where he erected a small fort and named it San Carlos. From this time 
the settlement was known as Pensacola, from Pensicola, a small town in 
Spain. 



Florida appears in the U. S. census reports for the first time in 
1830. The State has increased in population more rapidly than the 
country as a whole during every decade since. 



44 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



ENGLISH COLONIAL PERIOD 

(1763-1783) 

The first governor of East Florida, under British sovereignty, was 
James Grant (1763-1771). The seat of government was St. Augustine. The 
first governor of West Florida was George Johnstone (1764-1766). Pensa- 
cola was the capital. Both governors were Scotchmen. 



In 1772, Florida exported forty thousand pounds of indigo, which 
brought high prices in the London market. In 1779, forty thousand barrels 
of naval stores were shipped from St. Augustine, valued at thirty-six 
shillings per barrel, to which the government added a bounty of ten shillings. 



The first popular assembly was held in East Florida in January, 1781, 
under Governor Tonyn. At the direction of the British crown, the govern- 
ors of the two Floridas were empowered to summon general assemblies. 
Governor Chester of West Florida issued a call for an election as early as 
1773, but the people objected to the term of office as fixed by the governor at 
three years. They wanted a one-year term. This Governor Chester refused 
to grant, and West Florida never had an assembly. 



In May, 1781, Spanish forces which had attacked the English at Pensa- 
cola forced the surrender of the fort. The British troops were taken to 
Havana and from there went to Brooklyn, where they joined the tory forces 
against General Washington. Under the terms of the capitulation, nearly 
all the English left West Florida within eighteen months of the surrender 
at Pensacola. On September 3, 1783, the Floridas were again transferred to 
Spain. Zespedez, the new Spanish governor, arrived at St. Augustine in 
June, 1784, and a general evacuation of the British from East Florida 
followed. The Greeks and Minorcans remained. 



In 1783, Florida was re-ceded by Great Britain to Spain. 



Governor Tonyn of East Florida was the last governor of that province 
under British rule. He was in office during the revolutionary war, and 
issued a proclamation of protection to all loyalists of neighboring colonies 
who should come to Florida. Many came, and settled in and about St. 
Augustine. 



Florida remained loyal to the crown during the revolutionary war. 
When news reached St. Augustine that the Declaration of Independence 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 45 

had been signed, John Adams and John Hancock were burned in effigy on 
the Plaza. 



During the British occupation of Florida, covering a period of twenty 
years, there were only ten doctors in East Florida. 



East and West Florida. — In 1763, the English divided the country 
into East and West Florida. The latter contained about half of the 
present states of Alabama and Mississippi. This division was continued 
by Spain upon her recovery of Florida twenty years later. 



Turnbull's New Smyrna Operations. — During the British possession of 
Florida, an association was formed in London, headed by Dr. Andrew Turn- 
bull, a Scotchman, for planting a colony in Florida. A number of Bermuda 
islanders had settled at Mosquito Inlet in 1766, and this was the site chosen 
for the new colony. After spending $166,000, Dr. Turnbull, in 1767, secured 
some fifteen hundred colonists from Smyrna, composed of Greeks, Italians 
and Minorcans. The town was named New Smyrna. The colonists were to 
be held in bondage for a certain number of years to pay for their passage 
and support, after which they were to receive grants of land. An extensive 
system of canals and ditches was constructed for drainage and irrigation. 
Some of these ditches parallel streets of New Smyrna today. Indigo 
and sugar cane were the chief articles grown from the soil. The net value 
of the first crop of indigo was $3,000.00 The colony made a promising 
start, but in 1769 the "Turnbull slaves" revolted, and in 1776 they were 
freed by the courts, and most of them went to live at St. Augustine. 



Florida's First Advertising Campaign. — The first advertising matter 
setting forth the advantages of Florida's climate and fertility was issued in 
England shortly after the British succeeded to the possession of the country 
in 1763. This marked the beginning also of the construction of good roads 
in Florida. Such roads being built under direction of the government, 
were called "king's roads." 



SPANISH RE-POSSESSION 

(1783-1819) 



In 1795, by treaty between the United States and Spain, the northern 
boundary of Florida was fixed at the 31st parallel. 



In 1800, by the treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon forced Spain to give 
up that portion of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, which France had ceded 
to Spain in 1762, and in 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States. 



46 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

In 1808, when President Jefferson forbade commercial intercourse with 
foreign countries, Fernandina became a port of free entry. As many as 
150 square rigged vessels were often in the harbor at one time. Florida 
at that time was yet under Spanish rule and not a part of the United States, 
and consequently was not affected by Jefferson's embargo. 

During the war of the United States against Great Britain (1812) the 
British of Canada sent Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief, to incite the southern 
Indians to war against the Americans. British agents at Pensacola furn- 
ished the Florida Indians with arms. General Andrew Jackson took the field 
against the Indians and subdued them after a series of bloody battles. 
Peace was made with the Creek Indians at Fort Jackson, August 9, 1814. 

Learning of the Spanish governor's active aid to the British forces, 
General Jackson attacked the forts at Pensacola and forced the surrender 
of the Spanish, November 8, 1814. He set out for New Orleans the next 
day, and on January 8, 1815, fought the historic battle of New Orleans. 

Republic of West Florida.— Prior to 1762, the French owned the terri- 
tory west of the Perdido river, which afterwards was embraced in West 
Florida. When the United States bought Louisiana from the French a 
contention arose between this government and Spain over what was known 
as the "Government of Baton Rouge" and the "Mobile District." The Span- 
ish claim that this territory was not included in Louisiana was supported 
by the French. The people of the "Government of Baton Rouge" rebelled, 
and, with the assistance of the Americans, threw off the Spanish yoke and 
declared themselves an independent state, and applied for admission to the 
Union under the title of the "Republic of West Florida." After an existence 
of one month, the Republic of West Florida was annexed to Louisiana 
October 27, 1810. The "Mobile District" still remained in the possession of 
Spain until it was surrendered to the United States, April 13, 1813. 

The Republic of Florida. — In East Florida revolt against Spanish 
dominion began in 1812, and the territory between the St. Johns and St. 
Mary's river was organized into the Republic of Florida. A peace was 
effected in 1816 at a gathering at Waterman's Bluff. The territory was 
divided into three districts with a magistrate's court and company of militia 
in each. The districts were known as Nassau, Upper and Lower St. Mary's. 

Florida Ceded to United States. — The province of St. Augustine, under 
Spanish rule, consisted of one parish of fifty thousand square miles. A 
treaty between the United States and Spain ceding the Floridas to the 
United States was concluded February 22, 1819. Ferdinand VII., King of 
the Spains, and James Monroe, President of the United States, signed the 
articles. The act creating the Territory of Florida (including both East and 
West Florida) was approved March 30, 1822. It provided for the appoint- 
ment of a Governor who should hold office for a term of three years, and a 
legislative council to consist of the Governor and thirteen citizens. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 47 



TERRITORIAL PERIOD 

(1819-1845) 

The transfer of the Floridas from Spain to the United States took place 
July 10, 1821, at St. Augustine, for East Florida, and July 17, at Pensacola, 
for West Florida. General Jackson was appointed military governor for 
the two provinces, and military government continued until March 3, 1822, 
when Congress created civil authority. William P. Duval, of Kentucky, was 
appointed as the first territorial Governor of Florida. He was continued in 
office until 1834. 



The first Florida legislature (1822) divided the territory into four coun- 
ties, Escambia, Jackson, Duval and St. Johns. By 1837 there were twenty 
counties. Now there are fifty-four. 



Richard Keith Call was Florida's third territorial governor. He was 
also a member of the first legislative council, and was the second territorial 
delegate in Congress. 



In 1829, United States engineers submitted a report to congress for a 
ship canal across Florida between St. Marks and Fernandina. Routes were 
again surveyed in 1854 and 1878. Other surveys have been made since, but 
this project, which is nearly a hundred years old, is still in a state of incu- 
bation. 



In 1835-36, the third railroad in the United States was built in Florida, 
from Tallahassee to St. Marks. General R. K. Call was the builder. 



The First Seminole War. — The first Seminole war began in the fall of 
1817, and many brutal massacres of the whites followed. In 1818 the 
United States government ordered General Jackson from Tennessee, to take 
the field against the Indians. This time he invaded East Florida, and in six 
weeks crushed the Seminoles in that section. From there General Jackson 
moved against St. Marks, where Spanish agents were inciting the Seminoles 
to hostilities. The town surrendered to Jackson, and here he captured Alex- 
ander Arbuthnot, a Scotch trader who was friendly to the Indians. Soon 
afterwards, at the Suwannee, Robert Ambrister, once a British soldier, 
was captured by Jackson, who hanged both for "aiding and abetting the 
enemy." On May 25, 1818, Jackson again captured Pensacola and its forti- 
fications from the Spanish, which virtually gave the United States posses- 
sion of West Florida. 



The Territory of Florida.— The first legislative council for the Territory 
of Florida was held in Pensacola in 1822, and the next was held at St. Aug- 



48 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

ustine in May, 1823. At this time Dr. William H. Simmons, of St. Augus- 
tine, and John Lee Williams, of Pensacola, were appointed as commissioners 
to select a permanent capital site. Tallahassee was chosen, and the first 
session of the legislative council to be held in the new capital was convened 
in a log cabin to the southeast of the present capitol building. The body of 
the present State House was erected in 1842 by the United States, at a cost 
of $85,000. The building of the first capitol was begun in January, 1826. 



The Second Seminole War. — In 1834, the government began prepara- 
tions for the removal of the Seminoles to a western reservation. The Indians 
had become troublesome, and attempts to deal with them without force had 
failed. On December 28, 1835, Osceola waylaid General Thompson and 
Lieut. Smith at Fort King (which was where Ocala now stands) and killed 
them. On the same date a band of one hundred and eighty Seminoles 
ambushed Major Francis L. Dade and one hundred and thirty-eight men, 
who were on the way from Tampa to Fort King. Only two of the Dade 
command escaped the massacre. Major Dade was betrayed to the Indians 
by his guide, a negro named Lewis. Osceola was captured in 1837, and was 
subsequently taken to Fort Moultrie, S. C, where he died at the age of 34. 
He was buried just outside the principal gate of the fort, and a monument 
erected to his memory. The war against the Seminoles continued until 
August 14, 1842. The leading generals served in Florida during that period, 
having as many as nine thousand men at one time engaged in the attempt 
to subdue the Indians, whose fighters numbered two thousand. The war 
cost forty million dollars. The total number of soldiers enlisted in the 
second Seminole war was 10,169 regulars; 29,953 volunteers. Of the regu- 
lars, 18 oificers and 310 men were killed; 20 officers and 270 men wounded. 
Of the volunteers, 5 officers and 50 men were killed; 24 officers and 234 
men wounded. Most of the Indians were finally moved to Arkansas, leaving 
in Florida, according to General Worth's calculation, 95 warriors and 205 
women and children. In 1845, Capt. Sprague estimated the number at 360. 



Florida Admitted to the Union. — On December 3, 1838, a convention 
assembled at St. Josephs to frame a constitution preparatory to asking for 
admission to the Union, but the bill admitting Florida was not passed until 
1845. It received the President's approval March 3 of that year. An effort 
to form two states at that time was lost. 



French Noblemen in Florida. — In recognition of his services to America 
during the revolution. Congress voted Marquis LaFayette an honorarium of 
$200,000 and the grant of a township of land from the public domain. The 
township selected adjoined the town of Tallahassee. Prince Achille Murat, 
son of the King of Naples, and nephew of Napoleon, bought a plantation 
not far from LaFayette's township, and later married Kate Willis, the 
daughter of Bird Willis, a former Virginian, who had moved to Florida. 
Prince Murat and his wife are buried at Tallahassee. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 49 



FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD 

(1845-1861) 

State Election. — The first State election in Florida was held May 26, 
1845. W. D. Moseley, the Democratic candidate for governor, defeated 
former Governor Call, the Whig candidate. David Levy, a Democrat, was 
returned to Washington as representative. The first State legislature met 
at Tallahassee, June 23, but adjourned immediately on account of the death 
of General Jackson. On July 1, David Levy and James D. Westcott were 
elected United States Senators. Levy was succeeded in the House of Rep- 
resentatives by a Democrat, Brockenbrough. 



Final Indian Outbreaks. — Early in the year 1852, the Indians began 
depredations again, being discovered in the neighborhood of Lake Harney, 
150 miles north of their reservation previously agreed upon. Governor 
Brown ordered General B. Hopkins at Mellonville (now Sanford) to organize 
a company and proceed against the disturbers. This order was carried out 
March 2, 1852, and this company of 100 men remained in active service 
until December 3, 1852. They captured several Indians, who were sent to 
the reservation in the west. Again, on December 20, 1855, a party of Indians 
attacked Lieut. Hartseff and a detachment near Fort Drum, and a little 
later an attack was made on the residence of Dr. Bradden, on the Manatee 
River. About fifteen hundred men were organized against the Indians 
during the uprising, some of them being retained in the service until 
1860. The cost to the State was $225,000. Since then, the Indians 
have given no trouble. The legislature of 1917 set aside a lai-ge reservation 
in the Everglades for them. 



CIVIL WAR PERIOD 

(1861-1865) 

At the Democratic convention held in Charleston in 1860, the Florida 
delegates were prominent, and were quick to follow the lead of Alabama in 
withdrawing, an act which was indicative of the secession which occurred 
January 10, 1861, at a convention in Tallahassee, which had assembled Jan- 
uary 3. Alabama withdrew from the Union the same day. South Carolina 
and Mississippi had previously withdrawn. 

Florida became a member of the Southern Confederacy formed at 
Montgomery by the convention, which met February 4, 1861. 

The Quincy Guards seized the U. S. Arsenal at Apalachicola four days 
before the ordinance of secession was passed. A day later, Florida troops 
seized Fort Marion at St. Augustine, which surrendered without resistance. 



50 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

January 12, 1861, Florida troops took possession of the navy yard at Pen- 
sacola. Fort Barrances, below the navy yard, and Fort McRae, further down 
the bay, but Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island, was held by the U. S. 
forces. The first flag of the Confederacy hoisted over a captured camp in 
Florida was raised over the navy yard. It contained thirteen alternate 
stripes of red and white and a blue field with a single star. 

Florida gave ten thousand troops to the Confederate service, and furn- 
ished large quantities of food. In 1864, she supplied two thousand head of 
cattle a week, chiefly from the central and southern sections of the state. 

March 11, 1861, Brigadier General Braxton Bragg assumed command 
of the Confederate forces at Pensacola. 

April 13, 1861, Fort Pickens, still in possession of U. S. garrison, 
received reinforcements under Major Israel Vodges, from the U. S. ship 
Brooklyn. 

April 15, 1861, Fort Pickens received one thousand more Federal troops, 
and this fort became headquarters for the U. S. forces in Florida. Col. 
Harvey Brown commanding. 

May 6, 1861, the port of Pensacola was blockaded by United States 
vessels. 

June 8, 1861, the port of Key West was blockaded by U. S. forces. 

September 2, 1861, Federals burned a naval dock held by the Confeder- 
ates at the mouth of Pensacola Bay. 

October 8, 1861, the Confederates attacked the Federal batteries on 
Santa Rosa Island. Repulsed. 

The first engagement resulting in bloodshed on Florida soil was Octo- 
ber 8, 1861, when the Confederates attacked the Federal batteries on Santa 
Rosa Island. Repulsed. Confederate loss, 18 killed, 89 wounded, 30 missing. 
Federal loss, 14 killed, 29 wounded, 24 missing. 

November 22, 1861, the Federals of Fort Pickens began the bombard- 
ment of Confederate Fort McRae, across the channel. The guns of both forts 
boomed for two days without injury, except to property by fire. Another 
bombardment January 1, 1862, was equally fruitless. 

In the beginning of 1862, the bulk of Florida troops were ordered to 
Tennessee, leaving coast fortifications subject to possession by the Federals. 
Fort Clinch, on Amelia Island, at Fernandina, was the first to be occupied 
by the Federals, March 4, 1862. 

March 11, 1862, Commodore Rodgers, Federal, received the surrender 
of St. Augustine. March 13, 1862, four Federal gunboats dropped anchor 
at Jacksonville, and Confederate forces evacuated. 

March 20, 1862, Unionists at Jacksonville held a meeting and declared 
the ordinance of secession void, and Florida still a State of the Union. A 
convention for March 24 was called, but was never held, as the Federals 
ordered the withdrawal of their troops on the ground that the Federal line 
was becoming too extended. 

March 22, 1862, two Federal gunboats arrived at Mosquito Inlet to 
investigate rumors of blockade running by Confederates. March 23 the 
gunboat commanders were killed by Confederates, while on a trip of investi- 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 51 

gation up into the inlet. A number of their men also were killed or taken 
prisoner by the Confederates. 

May 9, 1862, Confederates abandoned Pensacola on orders, burning 
the navy yard, steamers in the bay and the public buildings of the town. 
This left the Federals in possession of almost the entire Florida coast. 

In June, 1862, Federals from Pensacola made at Milton the first of a 
series of raids that terrorized the inhabitants of west Florida during the 
war. 

October 3, 1862, the Federals captured a battery of nine guns held by 
the Confederates a few miles from the mouth of the St. Johns river. After 
destroying the works, the Federals captured the Confederate steamer "Gov- 
ernor Milton," a few miles up the river. 

In 1863, following a recommendation to the legislature by Governor 
Milton, all men and boys in Florida not subject to service in the Confederate 
army were organized into Home Guards, to be mustered out for service only 
in event of an invasion. 

In March, 1863, two regiments of negro troops from South Carolina 
were stationed at Jacksonville by the Federals. General Finnegan, in com- 
mand of the Confederate forces of east and central Florida, organized to 
drive out the invaders, and on March 29 Jacksonville was evacuated for the 
third time. A large portion of the city was burned. About the same time, 
the Federal garrison was withdrawn from Pensacola, and that town also 
was given to the flames. 

In 1863, a detachment from Federal vessels at the mouth of St. Andrews 
Bay destroyed Confederate salt works and 198 private plants, and burned 
two hundred houses. The loss to the Confederates was placed at three 
million dollars. 

July, 1864, Federals raided the interior from Cedar Key, capturing 150 
bales of cotton and burning 200. 

September, 1864, Federals under General Asboth, marching from Pen- 
sacola, with seven hundred mounted men, raided as far east as Marianna. 

August 17, 1864, Confederates under Capt. J. J. Dickinson overtook a 
band of Federal raiders at Gainesville, and after an engagement of two 
hours, killed 28, wounded 5 and took 188 prisoners. 

March, 1865, Confederates planted torpedoes in the St. Johns river 
several miles below Jacksonville, and destroyed three Federal vessels, the 
Maple Leaf, Hunter and Harriet A. Weed. 

In the latter part of March, 1865, General Newton (Federal), who had 
garrisoned St. Marks strongly against blockade running by the Confederates, 
started on a march with the purpose of investing the Florida capital, Tal- 
lahassee. The Confederates met him at Natural Bridge with an inferior 
force and compelled his retreat, with heavy losses. 

April 1, 1865, Governor Milton, of Florida, died, his health having 
been impaired by strain and overwork due to the war. He was succeeded 
by A. K. Allison, president of the senate, who held the office until July 13, 
when he was succeeded by William Marvin, provisional governor appointed 
by President Johnson. Marvin was succeeded January 17, 1866, by David S. 



52 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Walker, who was the first governor of Florida elected by the people after the 
war. Marvin and Wilkinson Call, the latter a nephew of Governor R. K. Call, 
were the first United States senators elected after the war. They were not 
seated, however, because Florida had not been restored to the Union. 

May 17, 1865, Confederate troops in Florida surrendered to General 
Israel Vodges. 

May 20, 1865, General McCook issued a proclamation from Tallahassee, 
declaring free all slaves in Florida. 

October 25, 1865, a convention at Tallahassee annulled the ordinance 
of secession, declared slavery abolished and repudiated the State debt 
incurred between January 10, 1861 and October 25, 1865. 



The Battle of Olustee. — On February 20, 1864, occurred the greatest 
battle of the war on Florida soil. Six thousand Federals under General 
Truman Seymour landed at Jacksonville, February 7, and started to march 
to Tallahassee. They came upon General Finnegan entrenched at Olustee, 
near Lake City, whose force of about two thousand had been reinforced by 
troops from Charleston under Brigadier- General A. H. Colquitt and Col. G. 
Harrison, giving the Confederates a force of 4,600 infantry, 600 cavalry 
and 12 guns. After a furious battle of four hours and a half, the Federals 
retreated back to Jacksonville, and from there left Florida soil. The Fed- 
eral loss was 203 killed; 1152 wounded, 506 missing. The Confederate loss 
was 93 killed, 857 wounded and 6 missing. The Confederates captured sev- 
eral cannon and sixteen hundred stands of small arms. 



POST BELLUM PERIOD 

(1865 ) 



Florida Readmitted to the Union. — In 1867, under reconstruction meas- 
ures enacted by Congress, General John Pope was placed in charge of a 
military district of which Florida was a subdivision. 

A constitutional convention was assembled at Tallahassee January 20, 
1868, with seventeen negro members. There was much dissension over 
seating delegates, and a split occurred, each wing claiming to be the right- 
fully elected one. General Meade, who had succeeded General Pope, had 
to come to Tallahassee to restore quiet. He placed Colonel Sprague in 
charge of the convention and a constitution was adopted. The convention 
adjourned as such and nominated Harrison Reed for governor, Wm. C. 
Gleason for lieutenant governor, and C. M. Hamilton for congressman. 

Florida was readmitted into the Union over President Johnson's veto, 
and on July 4 of that year the government was transferred from military 
to civil authority. Reed was installed as governor, and Gleason as lieu- 
tenant governor. 



Attempted Impeachment of Governor Reed. — In November, 1868, the 
legislature filed impeachment proceedings against Governor Reed, upon his 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 53 

veto of a bill to pay expenses of the constitutional convention. The supreme 
court sustained the governor. Lieutenant Governor Gleason appealed the 
case to the U. S. supreme court, but was unable to displace Reed. The 
legislature met again in January, 1869, and decided that Reed was governor. 
Reed appointed Edmund C. Weeks lieutenant governor to succeed Gleason. 
This brought on dissension, which was not settled until S. T. Day was elected 
to the office. Two subsequent attempts were made to impeach Governor 
Reed, but both failed. The last time he was charged with misapplication of 
funds. 



Memorable Election of 1876.— The election of 1876 is memorable in 
Florida annals. The election returns showed 24,325 votes for Marcellus L. 
Stearns, Republican, and 24,282 for George F. Drew, Democrat. A second 
count increased the Republican majority. Attorney General W. A. Cocke, 
one of the three members of the canvassing board, filed a protest against 
the action of the board in rejecting returns from certain precincts. A 
recount was ordered by the supreme court. Two recounts were made under 
direction of the court, both resulting in a majority of 195 for the Democratic 
candidate, and Drew was installed as governor. Democratic members of 
congress also were elected. 

Florida's Part in Tilden-Hayes Contest.— The year 1876 was a stirring 
one in Florida, not only because of the excitement over the State election, 
but on account of the presidential election as well. The vote between Samuel 
J. Tilden, Democrat, and Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican was so close that 
Tilden needed only one vote in the electoral college to win. Of the several 
doubtful states, Florida was one, and all were needed to give the Republican 
candidate a majority. First returns showed that Republican electors had 
been chosen, and Governor Stearns (Republican) issued certificates to them. 
Again the attorney general protested, and issued certificates to four Demo- 
cratic electors. The supreme court ordered a recount, which showed a 
majority of ninety-four for the Democratic electors. Governor Drew (Dem- 
ocrat), who succeeded Stearns, issued a new set of certificates, which made 
three sets that were forwarded to Washington from Florida. The situation 
was so complex that congress adopted the plan of leaving the matter to a 
commission, which was composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. 
The vote of Florida and the other doubtful states was given the Republican 
candidate, and Hayes was declared President. 



Survey for Ship Canal.— In 1878-79 a route for a ship canal across 
Florida was surveyed, the project being to connect the St. Mary's river with 
the Gulf at St. Marks or Cedar Key. It was given up as non-feasible, 
though other routes have been proposed since. 



Disston Drainage Operations.— In 1881, Governor W. D. Bloxham 
effected a sale of four million acres of Everglades land to Hamilton Disston 



54 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

and associates of Philadelphia, at twenty-five cents an acre. The State's 
finances were at low ebb, and the million dollars thus received saved the 
credit of the State. At that time this deal was considered not only satis- 
factory but propitious. Disston began drainage operations by cutting canals 
to lower Lake Okeechobee by connecting them with the Caloosahatchee 
river. Approximately 200,000 acres were reclaimed and the first large sugar 
plantation in Florida was located on some of this reclaimed land at a point 
near St. Cloud. Financial difficulties prevented this pioneer from carrying 
his plans to a successful consummation. The effect of his work was felt 
all through the fertile Kissimmee Valley, much of which was made fit for 
pasturage thereby. 



Constitutional Convention of 1885. — In 1885 a constitutional convention 
was held and the organic law was changed to eliminate the office of lieu- 
tenant governor, and to make the administrative officials elected by direct 
vote and not appointed by the governor. Representation in the legislature 
was limited to a hundred members, thirty-two senators and sixty-eight 
representatives. 



In 1887, the Ponce de Leon hotel at St. Augustine was completed at a 
cost of two and a half millions of dollars. During this year nine new rail- 
road companies were incorporated. This marked the beginning of the tourist 
travel to Florida in large numbers. 



The State Board of Health. — Governor Francis P. Fleming was inaugur- 
ated in January, 1889, and convened an extra session of the Legislature 
Feb. 5, 1889, for the purpose of enacting a law establishing a State Board 
of Health. The constitution of 1885, ratified in the general election of 
1886, made it mandatory, and urgent action was necessary because of the 
yellow fever epidemic, which started at Key West in May, 1887, the in- 
fection having been brought from Havana, and spread from Key West 
to Tampa, becoming epidemic there in October, and later in Manatee and 
Plant City. Jacksonville suffered from the plague from August to the 
middle of December, 1888. Other Florida towns that had it were Mac- 
clenny, Sanderson, Fernandina, Gainesville, Enterprise, Live Oak and Green 
Cove Springs. The act establishing the State Board of Health was ap- 
proved Feb 20, 1889. The first board appointed by the governor was com- 
posed of Dr. R. P. Daniel. Jacksonville; William B. Henderson, Tampa, and 
William K. Hyer, Pensacola. Dr. Jos. Y. Porter, of Key West, was elected 
State Health Officer at the first meeting of the board. Dr. Porter had 
been a U. S. army surgeon, and had been appointed by the government 
to stamp out the epidemic in Key West in 1886, and had rendered notable 
service in Tampa and Jacksonville during the epidemics of 1887-88. Dr. 
Porter adopted vigorous measures in preventing the infection from being 
brought into Florida, and the rules laid do-WTi by him were relaxed only 
after the occupation of Cuba by the U. S. troops, when the State inspec- 
tors were authorized to accept certificates of inspection issued from Cuban 
ports. Thus yellow fever took hold in Key West, Miami and Tampa in 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 55 

1899. Upon the cleaning up of Havana by the United States sanitary 
engineers and surgeons, and the adoption by the government of more 
stringent regulations, Florida has never again been visited by yellow fever. 

The First Florida Railroad Commission held office from August 17, 
1887 till June 13, 1891. The commission was abolished by act of the legis- 
lature in 1891, but was re-created six years later, in 1897. The first com- 
mission was composed of George G. McWhorter, chairman; E. J. Vann, 
William Himes, and John G. Ward, secretary. The first commission under 
the act of 1897 was composed of R. H. M. Davidson, chairman; John M. 
Bryan, John L. Morgan, with John L. Neeley, secretary. 

The "Ocala Platform."— In December, 1890, the National Farmers' 
Alliance met in Ocala, Florida, and adopted what was afterwards known as 
the "Ocala Platform," which was quoted and referred to by orators and 
newspapers throughout the United States. It was a great convention and 
gave Ocala national publicity. The late John F. Dunn gave $5,000 
toward the entertainment fund, and there were generous subscriptions from 
others. The State Populist convention was held in Jacksonville in 1892. A. 
P. Baskin was nominated for governor and A. S. Mann for congress, with 
a full set of State officers. 

December 29, 1894, is known as the date of the "big freeze." The 
orange crop, valued at four millions of dollars, was destroyed, and many of 
the groves were killed. 

The Chipley-Call Campaign. — The most exciting senatorial campaign 
that has ever taken place in Florida was that between Senator Wilkinson 
Call and W. D. Chipley (1897). The latter was identified with railroad 
interests and was recognized as the candidate of the corporations. Senator 
Call's standing and affiliations were anti-corporation. When the Legis- 
lature met it was rather generally believed that Call had a majority of the 
members of both branches, but enough votes were withheld from him to 
prevent his re-election. This early became apparent, and the anti-corpora- 
tion forces centered upon John N. C, Stockton, of Jacksonville, as a can- 
didate who could marshal enough votes to defeat Chipley. Senator Call 
uiged his supporters to stand by Stockton. After a number of futile ballots, 
however, Stockton withdrew in favor of Stephen R. Mallory, of Pensacola, 
who had come to Tallahassee to work in Stockton's behalf. A caucus was 
held at which the Stockton and Call men pledged support to Mallory, 
but all told he lacked two votes of having enough to elect. The tension 
was great from midnight till the joint house met. Balloting developed 
49 votes for Chipley and 47 for Mallory, but before the result was announced 
h\ the president of the Senate, Stockton jumped on top of his desk and 
demanded that the result be not announced until Representative Morgan, 
of Putnam, and Senator Barber, of Baker and Clay, had voted. Great ex- 
citement ax)d confusion prevailed. After some delay, both voted for Mal- 
lory, which created a tie. Stockton then called on Representative Rawls, 
of JacksoTi, to explain his agreement with Senator Daniels, who had been 



56 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

called home, but had paired with Mr. Rawls, giving him release from the 
pair in event of a chance to elect Mallory. Mr. Rawls cast his vote for 
Mallory having difficulty in making himself heard above the uproar. After 
that there were a number of changes, and the final vote stood Mallory 53, 
Chipley 44. When the ballot which showed 49 for Chipley and 47 for Mal- 
lory was taken, the news was flashed over the wires that Chipley was 
elected, and he began receiving congratulations. This had to be corrected 
in a few minutes. 

The official record shows that on April 20, 1897, the two houses bal- 
loted separately for United States senator. No candidate receiving a ma- 
jority of both houses, joint sessions were held from April 21 to May 14, 
inclusive, a total of 23 joint ballots being taken. On May 7, after 17 joint 
ballots. Senator Call's name was withdrawn, most of the Call vote going to 
Stockton. On the 21st ballot, taken May 11, Mr. Richbourg, of Walton, voted 
for Mallory. This was Mr. Mallory's first vote. Three days later, on May 
14, he was elected, the vote being Mallory 63, Chipley 44 and Call 1; total 
98. Mr. Crumpton, of Levy, had died several days previously, and Senator 
Daniels was absent, as stated. 



A Florida Town That Levies No Taxes. — The town of Estero, Lee coun- 
ty, Fla., is unique in that no town tax is levied upon its citizens. The town 
embraces a territory of about ten square miles, and a majority of the in- 
habitants are members of the Koreshan Unity, a communistic organization. 
The form of town government is regulated by Florida laws. The ordinances 
stipulate that no town officer shall receive pay for official services to the 
town, and that no whiskey, beer or tobacco is ever to be sold within the 
corporate limits of the town. The town of Estero was incorporated in 1905. 
The postoffice is about 16 miles south and a little east of Fort Myers. 
Municipal improvements include a general store and postoffice, a publishing 
house which is probably better equipped than any printery on the West 
Coast south of Tampa, a machine shop, a steam laundry, a sawmill, a boat- 
building shop, an art hall containing a number of valuable paintings. This 
hall is used by the community for entertainments and religious services 
The common treasury takes care of whatever improvements the Board 
of Trustees for the community sees fit to make. George W. Hunt is mayor 
of Estero. 



RUSKIN, A CO-OPERATIVE COLONY 

Ruskin is an unincorporated town of 300 people, located on the Little 
Manatee River, fifteen miles south of Tampa. The colony is not communis- 
tic, but fosters development along lines of co-operation — every protection 
possible being thrown around voluntary co-operation. 

This protection is gained by means of restrictions in the deeds to lands 
made to individuals, reserving all franchise rights to Ruskin Commongood 
Society, an organization composed of all Ruskin land owners. Public im- 
provements have been made by administering Ruskin Commongood Fund 
provided by the setting aside of a per cent, of the land sales. In this way 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 57 

much development has been made that generally must wait until a com- 
munity becomes incorporated. 

Ruskin was founded by George McA. Miller in 1909 to provide a town 
for the support of the work of Ruskin College, an institution in which young 
men and women can by their work earn a college education while pursuing 
their studies. Ruskin is not dominated by any religious sect, 

Ruskin is reached by boat service from Tampa, by auto over the Bay- 
shore road; by rail, S. A. L. R. R. to Wimauma. New Tampa Southern 
R. R. building through from Tampa to Sarasota. 

For State Prohibition.— At the 1909 session, the Legislature of Florida 
passed a resolution submitting a constitutional amendment prohibiting the 
sale of liquors, but the amendment was defeated in the general election of 
1910. The legislature of 1917 adopted a similar resolution, to be voted on in 
the general election of 1918. 

Commission Government. — Pensacola was the first Florida city to adopt 
the commission form of government. Green Cove Springs was the first 
town to make the change, which was authorized in 1911. The act for Pen- 
sacola was passed in 1913. Commission government was instituted in June, 
1913. 

Commission form was established in St. Petersburg in 1913 with three 
commissioners, but was changed in 1915, effective July 1, 1916, to seven 
commissioners and a mayor elected at large, the seven commissioners ap- 
pointing three directors who have charge of finance, public utilities and 
public works. 

Commission form went into operation in St. Augustine July 17, 1915. 
St. Augustine is the only city in Florida having a commission-manager char- 
ter. Under this charter three commissioners are elected for terms of three 
years each, one commissionership expiring each year. The commissioners 
serve without salary; their duties are entirely legislative. 

Orlando established commission government January 1, 1914. Lakeland 
put her commission charter into effect May 1, 1914 and adopted the man- 
ager plan for a year, but abandoned it. Daytona adopted commission 
government in 1916, and Jacksonville instituted commission government in 
June, 1917. 

Jacksonville has a mayor and five commissioners, but under special act 
the office of mayor ceases after the election of June, 1919, when one of the 
five commissioners, as chairman, succeeds the mayor. Tampa, Miami and 
Gainesville have voted on commission government and rejected the plan. 



Equal Suffrage. — An amendment to the constitution of Florida provid- 
ing for equal suffrage has been before each bi-ennial session of the Legis- 
lature since 1913, but has never secured the necessary three-fifths majority 
to authorize its submission for ratification. The first town in Florida to 
have equal suffrage in local affairs in its charter was Fellsmere, a new town 
in St. Lucie county. The act incorporating the town was passed in 191C. 



58 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Moore Haven, a new town in De Soto county, secured equal suffrage by 
an act passed in 1917, and soon thereafter elected Mrs. Horwitz (now 
Mrs. O'Brien) mayor. Thus Moore Haven is the first town in Florida 
to have a woman mayor. Mrs. O'Brien came from Pennsylvania and is 
financially interested in the development of Moore Haven and the section 
immediately surrounding the town. The Florida Equal Suffrage League 
was organized at Orlando in 1913, and Rev. Mary A. Safford, of Orlando, a 
minister of the Unitarian faith, was its first president. 



Anti-Pest Boards. — The legislature of 1915 created a State Plant 
Board to have direction of the work of stamping out insect and disease pests 
hurtful to plants and citrus trees. An adequate appropriation was placed 
at the command of the board, which employed and maintains an expert in 
charge of a large force of inspectors in carrying out this important work. 
The members of the State Board of Control, in charge of the institutions of 
higher learning, are by virtue of appointment, members of and constitute 
the State Plant Board. The legislature of 1917 created a State Live Stock 
Sanitary Board, which has charge of the work of eradicating ticks and other 
pests and diseases that afflict live stock. 



The Historical Society of Florida was organized at St. Augustine in 
1856, with Major A. B. Putnam as president. The society still exists and has 
issued a number of historical publications. 



EARLY FLORIDA TOWNS. 



San Marcos de Apalache was the name given to the fort erected by 
the Spaniards on the site of St. Marks, Fla., in 1718. The French erected 
a small fort at St. Joseph's the same year, but this was abandoned when 
the Spanish governor at Pensacola protested. 



Palatka, Fla., was founded in 1821 by James Marver, an Indian trader. 



Jacksonville's first name was Macca Pilatka. It was called Cow Ford 
by the English. It received its permanent name in 1822 in honor of General 
Andrew Jackson. 



Tallahassee, the capital of Florida, was incorporated in 1825. The 
building of the first capitol was commenced in January, 1826. 



Immigrants from the Bermuda Islands settled at New Smyrna in 
1766. 



Monticello was laid out in 1828. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 59 

Marianna was incorporated in 1829. 



Apalachicola dates its existence as a city from 1830. 



Key West was made a naval station in 1829, and was then laid off 
into lots. 



St. Joseph's, a port of importance in the early days of Florida, was 
started in 1836. 



Indian Names in Florida Geography. — The map surface is dotted with 
Indian names. Thus the Indian nomenclature is perpetuated in at least a 
fragmentary form. It would be erroneous to suppose that all Indian names 
are of Seminole origin. According to historians, the Seminoles were orig- 
inally Creek Indians who joined forces with Governor Moore of South 
Carolina when he attempted to drive the Spanish out of St. Augustine in 
1702. The term semanole, or isti semanole, signifies separatists, or run- 
aways, and the Seminoles were regarded as outcasts of the main body of 
Creeks. Later the Seminoles became known as "Peninsula People," and 
by 1732 they claimed the country between the Flint river and St. Augustine. 
By 1850 they had extended their domain southward, and before the end 
of the century were in possession of the lower peninsula, and had absorbed 
remnants of other tribes. In the beginning of their Florida wandering 
they had given refuge to runaway negro slaves belonging to the Spanish and 
English colonies farther north, and in time the negroes intermarried with 
them. Thus it appears that the Seminole lacks much of being the best 
type of pure American Indian. In the 16th century two tribes of the 
Muscogee Indians, Caloosa and Tequesta, lived on the lower peninsula. It 
is said that these came from the neighboring islands. Thus in the name 
Caloosahatchee, the name of Caloosa is preserved, which evidently is not 
of Seminole origin. Early Spanish explorers gave the name of San Juan 
to the river which is famed in song as the Suwannee. Plainly "Suwannee" 
is a corruption of "San Juan." The Apalache Indians were among the 
first Florida inhabitants, and were conquered by the Spanish in 1638. Cap- 
tives of that tribe were put to work on the old fort at St. Augustine, and 
were kept in bondage for a period of sixty years. There can be little doubt 
that Apalachicola was derived from Apalache. Early writers give the 
spelling of Tallahassee as Tal-a-hosochete, and again as Tal-a-hassie. It is 
described as a Seminole Indian village, meaning Old Town. Another writer 
gives it as the combination of two Seminole words, "Tallofor," meaning 
town, and "hassie," the sun, hence the contraction meaning Sun Town. There 
is doubt also as to the origin and meaning of Pensacola. This word is 
claimed by some to have had its origin as descriptive of a tribe which in- 
habited that region, the word meaning literally "Hair Men." Another his- 
torian declares that Pensacola was named by the Spanish after Pen-si-cola, 
a small town in Spain. The names of nearly all the streams and lakes 



60 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

in Florida are unquestionably of Indian origin. Miami was originally 
"Mi-am-ee," Ocklocknee appeared in early histories as Ocklockonne, 
Miccosukee as Mickasukee, Wakulla as Wackhulla, showing that the original 
forms have been refined rather than corrupted, at the same time retaining the 
musical sounds of the original words. A glance at the map of Florida is 
sufficient to show that the Indians have left evidences of their existence 
indelibly written upon its geography. The name of Osceola, the Seminole 
chief, is perpetuated in the county of that name. Tallahassee also was the 
name of a Seminole chief. Indian names in Florida are easily recognized. 
In some sections they are predominant. An illustration may be had 
by taking a boat at Kissimmee, on Lake Tohopekaliga, through a chain of 
lakes, and the Kissimmee river for Lake Okeechobee. From the beginning 
to the end of this 150-mile journey practically every body of water and 
stream bears an Indian name. The subject offers a study filled with ro- 
mantic interest. 



The ports of New Orleans and Mobile were at one time a part of the 
province of West Florida. 



An historical society, recently formed at New Smyrna, has set up the 
claim that New Smyrna was really the site of the first Spanish colony 
planted in Florida; in short, that it antedates the settlement of St. Aug- 
ustine. 



Public Buildings and Monuments 



State House. — Dates on the corner stone of the capitol building at Tal- 
lahassee show the main body of the building was erected 1839-42. The cap- 
itol annex was built under Governor Jennings. The Acts of 1901, chapter 
4893 appropriated $75,000 for this purpose. The building was completed in 
1902. The building commission was composed of the governor (W. S. Jen- 
nings) the comptroller (A. C. Groom) and three appointees (H. J. Drane, 
G. M. Brown and W. A. Blount), under date of July 27, 1901. The archi- 
tect was Frank P. Milbum; the builder, J. E. Parrish. 



Governor's Mansion. — The Acts of 1905, chapter 5472, appropriated 
$25,000 for the building, and the Acts of 1907, chapter 5604, appropriated 
$15,000 for completion and furniture. All of this was used except $3,010.10, 
which was diverted by the Acts of 1909, chapter 5882, to the grounds, and 
subsequent sessions have appropriated sums for the same purpose. The 
commission in charge of the construction was composed of the governor (N. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 61 

B. Broward), the comptroller (A. C. Groom), and three appointees (Samuel 
Pasco, Jr., John N. G. Stockton and B. N. Mathes), as of June 14, 1905. 



Supreme Court Building. — The Acts of 1911, chapter 6131, appropriated 
for lot and building $100,000. The Acts of 1913, chapter 6496, appropriated 
for furnishings, etc., $33,000. All was expended by December, 1913. The 
commission in charge of the construction was composed of the governor 
(Park Trammell) the comptroller (W. V. Knott) and five appointees (R. F. 
Taylor, W. B. Young, D. A. Finlayson, George E. Lewis and A. L. Wilson), 
who were to act under the board of commissioners of state institutions. The 
architect was P. Thornton Marye; builder, George A. Glayton. 



Note: The comptroller's report for 1913 gives values of state's pi-op- 
erty: Capitol, furniture and grounds, at $325,000; supreme court building, 
library, furniture and grounds, at $250,000, 



Monument to Women of the Confederacy. — The Acts of 1911, chapter 
6142, appropriated $5,000 to be paid when contributions were secured by the 
Florida division of the United Confederate Veterans sufficient to warrant 
such action. The commission was composed of the governor (A. W. Gil- 
christ), the attorney general (Park Trammell), the comptroller (A. C. 
Groom), and three appointees by the Florida division. 



Florida in National Statuary Hall. — Florida is represented in National 
Statuary Hall of the Capitol at Washington by statues of Dr. John B. 
Gorrie, of Apalachicola, the inventor of artificial ice, and Edmund Kirby 
Smith, a Confederate general who served with distinction during the Civil 
War. The Legislature appropriated $10,000 for each statue. Both statues 
were modeled by C. Adrian Pillars, sculptor, of Jackspnville. 



Olustee Monument. — A granite shaft marking the battlefield of Olustee 
was unveiled October 23, 1912, during the administration of Governor A. W. 
Gilchrist, with General E. M. Law, of Bartow, presiding vmder auspices 
of Florida United Daughters of the Confederacy, in the presence of some 
three thousand people, among them veterans in attendance upon the annual 
convention of Florida United Confederate Veterans, at Lake City. The move- 
ment for the mounment had been started during Governor Fleming's admin- 
istration, by Mrs. J. N. Whitner, now of Gainesville, widow of Lieut. Whit- 
ner, who fired the first gun of the famous battle. Lieut. Whitner, after the 
war, was a member of the original faculty of the University of Florida, 
where he served for many years. The monument is two miles east of 
Olustee station, 14 miles from Lake City and 46 miles west of Jacksonville, 
on the western division of the Seaboard Air Line, in Baker county. The 
shaft may be seen from the railroad. It cost $6,000; the State appropriated 
$5,000. 



62 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



f 

Florida's Public Lands 
.,,,,.,,,■■■,,, ,.,-..,..,......' 

The period of the greatest railroad construction in Florida was between 
1885 and 1900, which was encouraged by legislative grants of large tracts of 
public lands to transportation companies, on the basis of about 10,000 acres 
for each mile of construction. While this act was intended to advance internal 
improvement, it did not work out exactly as its framers unquestionably 
expected that it would. The administration of Governor William S. Jennings 
marked the beginning of the conservation of the State's lands and the re- 
habilitation of the Internal Improvement Fund. When Governor Jennings 
went into office there were no known lands in the Fund, and less than $25,000. 
He at once set about the ascertainment of the powers of the Trustees of the 
Internal Improvement Fund, and the status of the lands granted to Florida 
under the Swamp Land Grant Act by the United States Government in 
1850, and their disposition by the trustees ; also legislative grants to railroads 
and canal companies, showing the area granted to each, the number of acres 
claimed and the number of acres deeded, the legal status of such claims 
and the disposition of swamp lands. The result of this investigation showed 
outstanding claims by corporations of eight million acres. In short, suc- 
cessive legislatures had granted more lands than the State then owned. 
No lands were deeded to railroads during Governor Jennings' administra- 
tion, and when he left office there had been restored to the Fund approxi- 
mately four million acres of land and the Internal Improvement Fund 
showed a balance of $600,000 cash on hand. 

Under Act of Congress approved September 28, 1850, the United States 
had patented to the State of Florida up to January 1, 1917, lands amounting 
to 20,403,408.57 acres. Of this acreage, 9,070,068.67 acres had been conveyed 
to railroad companies; 2,779,772.68 acres to canal and drainage companies; 
4,000,000 in the Disston sale, and various other conveyances made by the 
state amounting in the aggregate to 18,871,245.89 acres, leaving public lands 
in the possession of the state, January 1, 1917, amounting to 1,532,162.68 
acres. The number of acres claimed by railroads and not deeded by the 
Internal Improvement Trustees amounted to 4,676,457.37 acres. Thus it 
will appear that if a strong policy of conservation had not been established, 
all the state's conveyable lands would have been deeded away years ago. 

The amount of vacant United States lands in Florida, unappropriated 
and unreserved on July 1, 1916, amounted to 135,237 acres. These lands 
are subject to homestead entry, and are scattered all over the state. On 
the date mentioned the largest area was in Lake county, there being some 



Florida is one of the few states without a foreign public debt. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 63 

18,010 acres. Only 10 acres of government land was left in Jefferson county. 
All these lands are listed as low pine and swamp. 

In his message of 1903, Gov. Jennings outlined a plan for draining the 
Everglades, which was ultimately adopted in its essential points and the work 
which immediately followed, and has been kept going under successive 
governors. It was during the administration of Governor Jennings that the 
State's Indian War Claim, resulting in the collection of more than a million 
dollars, was turned into the State treasury. 

A notable reform which took place during this period was the defeat of 
an arbitrary control of the hire of State convicts, which increased the return 
to the State $750,000, subsequent years having exceeded a million, and the 
better care of convicts. The abolition of this system has been provided for, 
however, and soon Florida will cease to lease its convicts. This has been 
brought about by the establishment of a large prison farm at Raiford, in 
Bradford county, and by an act of 1917, providing for the employment of 
able bodied convicts on the public roads. 

The policy established by Governor Jennings in reference to the State 
public lands was adhered to by Gov. N. B. Broward, under whose adminis- 
tration the work of draining the Everglades was started. The first dredges, 
"Everglades" and "Okeechobee" were constructed under his personal super- 
vision. Gov. Broward had been a mariner and was possessed of great 
energy and practical sense. He financed the drainage operations by nego- 
tiating sales of large tracts of Everglades lands, selling only alternate 
sections, every other section being reserved to the State and of necessity 
benefiting by the reclamation work and the increased value. Governor A. 
W. Gilchrist followed Gov. Broward, and it was under his administration 
that a final compromise was effected with the railroads having claims against 
the State for public lands, by giving the railroads some 272,000 acres for 
claims amounting to over four million acres. Governor Park Trammell 
succeeded Gov. Gilchrist, and under the Trammell administration an act was 
passed authorizing the bonding of the Everglades territory for drainage 
purposes, and it was during this period that the first survey of the area was 
made by drainage experts, the canal system being enlarged and the plan of 
reclamation otherwise perfected. 



Lake Worth in Florida is noted because it divides Palm Beach, the 
world famous tourist resort, from West Palm Beach. The latter is the 
capital of Palm Beach county. A toll bridge connects the towns. 



The average number of persons to the square mile in Florida 
(1910 Census) was 13.7; the average number per square mile for the 
United States as a whole was 30.9. There's plenty of room in Florida 
without danger of crowding to reduce the density in other portions 
of the United States. Nearly 71 per cent of Florida's population is 
rural. 



64 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



Bryan Primary Law 



ELECTION OF 1916 

The campaign for governor of Florida in the year 1916 will probably 
linger in the memories of all who passed through it as the most turbulent of 
their experience. Though the injection of the anti-Roman Catholic issue 
into the campaign by the successful candidate had the effect of causing 
strife and bitterness, this was largely overshadowed in the latter stages of 
the contest by confusion and controversy growing out of the operation of 
a new election law, known as the Bryan Primary Law. 

Nominations for public office in Florida had been made under the direct 
primary system for some fifteen years. W. S. Jennings, elected in 1900, was 
the last Florida governor nominated under the convention plan. The pri- 
mary system in operation up to 1913 had grown in disfavor with many 
because of the great expense it entailed upon candidates and the fact that 
the operation of the plan compelled practically two campaigns to decide 
nominations, thus distracting the people for a length of time which seemed 
unnecessary. Under this plan, the State Democratic Executive Committee 
met early in the year of every election year and fixed dates for the pri- 
maries, the first being for the purpose of eliminating all but the two high 
candidates for each office. The first primary was usually held in May, and 
the next about a month later, in June. The item of expense to candidates 
came to be serious, particularly to those seeking offices which made a can- 
vass of the entire State necessary. 

It was with the intention of eliminating such undesirable features that 
United States Senator Nathan P. Bryan took the initiative of drafting and 
having introduced at the 1913 session of the Florida legislature a bill 
embodying provisions for expression at one primary of a first and second 
choice for candidates seeking the same office. Such a law was in operation 
in Wisconsin and other western states. In urging the passage of this bill. 
Senator Bryan appeared before a joint session of the senate and house, and 
elucidated the first and second choice and other features of the measure, 
and the bill was enacted into law. The first election held under the law 
was in 1914, but as this was not a general election year, and as the returns 
were decisive by the count of first choice votes alone, the necessity for 
correctly counting and tabulating the second choice votes did not become 
apparent. 

The primary of 1916 developed, however, that the nomination for gov- 
ernor rested upon the second choice votes. The candidates for governor 
were Sidney J. Catts, of DeFuniak Springs, a minister of the Baptist faith, 
who had moved into Florida from Alabama during the year 1910; Ion L. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 65 

Farris, of Jacksonville, a lawyer, who had served several terms as a member 
of the legislature, two terms as speaker; Fred M. Hudson, of Miami, lawyer, 
who had served as member and president of the state senate, and as special 
counsel for the Florida Railroad Commission; William V. Knott, of Talla- 
hassee, comptroller of the State, who had served for a long period as State 
treasurer, and in other public positions, and Frank A. Wood, of St. Peters- 
burg, banker, who had served as a member of the Florida house of rep- 
resentatives. 

The primary was held June 6. The face of the returns showed that 
Mr. Catts had received 30,092 first choice and 3,337 second choice votes, a 
total of 33,429; that Mr. Knott had received 24,720 first choice and 8,449 
second choice votes, a total of 33,169, from which it appeared that Mr. 
Catts had received a majority over Mr. Knott of 260 votes. 

That innumerable errors had been committed in recording and counting 
the second choice votes early became apparent, and Mr Knott immediately 
took action to have the ballot boxes safeguai-ded in the event recounts were 
ordered by the courts, for he had determined to apply for recounts in the 
counties from which the greatest irregularities were reported. Formal 
contest in the courts began about June 22. Legal action was taken for 
recounts of all the precincts of Hamilton, Madison and Suwannee counties, 
which was followed by similar action for the recount of certain precincts 
of Duval and Leon counties. On June 26, Judge E. C. Love, of the second 
circuit court, and the supreme court denied application for injunction to 
prevent the State Canvassing Board from proceeding with the canvass until 
amended returns could be sent in from the counties mentioned, including 
other counties where errors were manifest upon the face of the returns. 
The application for injunction being denied, the board proceeded with the 
canvass, finding the vote as has been stated. 

A few days following the canvass, certain Duval county inspectors 
demurred to the writ of mandamus for a recount in that county, and three 
days were spent in argument before Judge Daniel A. Simmons, of the 
Duval circuit court, several attorneys on each side taking part in the argu- 
ment. The demurrer was sustained in part and overruled in part. Attor- 
neys for Mr. Catts then applied to the supreme court for a writ of prohibi- 
tion to prevent the recount of those precincts which had been allowed by 
Judge Simmons, but this application was denied. Counsel for Mr. Knott, 
realizing that such procedure before the several circuit judges would drag 
out interminably, and probably consume the entire summer until the elec- 
tion in November, sought from the supreme court final decision of the ques- 
tions at issue. 

On August 16, the supreme court issued an authoritative decision, up- 
holding the alternative writ for recount of all precincts of Putnam county 
against attack on 67 grounds of demurrer. (State ex rel Knott vs. Haskell, 
72 So. 651.) 

The gist of that decision was that a candidate for office cannot be made 
the victim of the mistakes, lack of understanding, or wrongs of election 
inspectors; that the candidate has the lawful right to ascertain the will of 



66 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

the voters from the ballots themselves, and that the courts could, by writ 
of mandamus, compel election officials to reassemble and correctly perform 
their duties. Certain Putnam county inspectors then filed a return to the 
alternative writ, but the same was held insufficient and a peremptory writ 
issued, resulting in a recount in Putnam county, showing a net gain of 20 
votes for Mr. Knott. (State ex rel Knott vs. Haskell, 72 So. 663-665.) 

Recounts then proceeded in the counties already mentioned, and also 
in certain precincts of Bradford, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Madison, Nassau, 
Okaloosa, Orange, Polk, Putnam, St. Johns, St. Lucie, Santa Rosa, Sumter, 
Suwannee and Volusia. 

In the first week of September, Mr. Knott's attorneys obtained from 
the supreme court an alternative writ requiring the State Canvassing Board 
to reassemble and canvass the amended returns from the counties mentioned, 
together with the original returns from the remaining counties. To that 
writ the board made answer, setting up alleged fraud in Madison and Ham- 
ilton counties, and that if the gains for Mr. Knott from those two counties 
(Madison and Hamilton) were eliminated, the result would not be changed. 
On September 9, the supreme court held that answer sufficient (State ex rel 
Knott vs. Crawford, 73 So. 584.) 

The taking of testimony before the supreme court regarding the can- 
vassing board's allegation of fraud in Madison and Hamilton counties was 
then opened, and a great array of witnesses was called from these counties. 
When all of the testimony on behalf of the board's allegations was in, the 
supreme court announced that no fraud had been proven as to Hamilton 
county, but as to Madison county, Mr. Knott might offer rebutting testi- 
mony. The net gain for Mr. Knott from the recount in Madison county 
was 173 votes, but after the examination of witnesses by the supreme court 
it was evident that the ballots had been tampered with, and Mr. Knott, 
through his counsel, made motion for Madison's amended returns to be elim- 
inated, although this reduced his majority to 21. There was never any evi- 
dence to show who tampered with the ballots in Madison county. In Green- 
ville and other Madison precincts it was charged that Catts votes had been 
erased and that other names as well had been marked as first choice. In the 
first count of the Greenville precinct vote, Mr. Knott was given only five 
first choice votes, whereas seven electors made affidavit that they voted for 
him as their first choice. 

The amendment to the writ, eliminating the amended returns from 
Madison county being allowed by the supreme court, a peremptory writ 
issued against the State Canvassing Board requiring the board to recanvass 
the amended returns from the several other counties in which recounts had 
been made, together with the original returns from the remaining counties. 

On September 21, the State Canvassing Board reassembled and can- 
vassed the amended returns from the counties mentioned, except Madison, 
and found that Mr. Knott's net gain by the several recounts was 281 votes, 
thereby giving Mr. Knott a majority of 21 over Mr. Catts. From this can- 
vass Mr. Knott was declared the duly nominated democratic candidate for 
governor. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 67 

Immediately upon Mr. Knott being declared the nominee, counsel for 
Mr. Catts obtained an alternative writ from the supreme court to require 
the 69 votes from Alachua precinct, Alachua county, certified to the State 
Canvassing Board, the vote for governor from that precinct having been 
omitted by the county board of Alachua county on account of some irregu- 
larity in the original certificates. Some two weeks prior to this action, 
however, counsel for Mr. Knott had obtained a writ from Judge James T. 
Wills, of the eighth circuit, requiring a recount of all the precincts of 
Alachua county, including Alachua precinct, and in response to the writ 
issued by the supreme court, the Alachua county board replied that the 
circuit court had taken prior jurisdiction and that recount of the returns 
from the whole county was then proceeding.. The supreme court held this 
a sufficient answer (State ex rel Catts vs. Mason, 73 So. 587.) 

Mr. Catts then obtained an alternative writ from Judge Wills, requiring 
the 69 votes of Alachua precinct to be sent to the State Canvassing Board, 
and the Alachua board, in compliance with that writ, as also the one previ- 
ously issued by Judge Wills on behalf of Mr. Knott, sent up not only the 
69 majority for Mr. Catts from the Alachua precinct, but also the result of 
the recounts in all the other precincts of Alachua county. The result in 
the other precincts showed a net gain for Mr. Knott of 16 votes, thereby 
reducing Mr. Catts' majority from the Alachua precinct to 53. While these 
proceedings were in progress, other writs had been obtained from circuit 
judges by ^counsel for Mr. Knott for recounts in Washington, Clay, Palm 
Beach, Marion, Hillsborough, Lee, Walton and Dade counties, so that by the 
time the Alachua vote reached Tallahassee, Mr. Knott had, by the other 
recounts, made the following gains: Washington, 3; Clay, 3; Palm Beach, 
2; Marion, 35; Hillsborough 28; Lee 10; Walton, 5; and in Dade, Mr. Catts 
made a net gain of 11. The result of these gains, both for Mr. Knott and 
Mr. Catts, gave Mr. Knott 43 majority instead of 21, as declared by the 
State Canvassing Board, September 21. 

On October 6, Mr. Catts applied to the supreme court for a writ to 
compel the state board to reassemble and add the 69 votes from Alachua 
precinct to the canvass made on September 21, but the supreme court held 
that petition insufficient because it sought to exclude other amended returns 
equally meritorious filed with the State Canvassing Board subsequent to 
September 21 (State ex rel Knott vs. Crawford 73 So. 588.) 

On October 7 and October 10, Mr. Catts, through his counsel, sought 
the same result, but his petitions were held by the supreme court to be 
insufficient because they endeavored to ignore the additional amended re- 
turns filed with the State Canvassing Board since September 21, and because 
his petitions failed to show that a recanvass by the State Canvassing Board 
at that time would change the result of the declaration made by the board 
September 21 (State ex rel Catts vs. Crawford, 73 So. 588, and State ex rel 
Catts vs. Crawford, 73 So. 589.) 

This last decision, October 10, concluded the contest, so far as the 
courts and the canvassing boards were concerned. 

On Saturday, October 7, the State Democratic Executive Committee, 
in session at Jacksonville, recognized Mr. Knott as the lawful nominee of 



68 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

the democratic party for governor, and pursuant to the declaration made 
by the State Canvassing Board on September 21, 1916, his name was placed 
upon the ticket as the lawful nominee of the democratic party. 

Mr. Catts' name was placed upon the ballots as an independent by peti- 
tions filed with the various boards of county commissioners. Mr. Catts had 
received the indorsement of the prohibitionists of Florida at a meeting held 
in Jacksonville by adherents of that party, but as the number of votes cast 
by prohibitionists in previous Florida elections did not entitle that party to 
recognition as such under the law, the precaution was taken of filing the 
petitions mentioned to insure his name being printed upon the ballots. 

From th^J time contest proceedings were started in June, Mr. Catts and 
his friends made an active campaign in his behalf, while Mr. Knott remained 
inactive awaiting the decision of the courts regarding the recounts and 
the action of the State Democratic Executive Committee. During the brief 
period between the last decision of the supreme court and election day, an 
active campaign in his behalf was made by the the State Democratic Cam- 
paign Committee and leading democrats, but this belated effort could not 
stem the tide created in favor of Mr. Catts, and the latter was elected gov- 
ernor, the vote being: Catts, 39,546; Knott, 30,343; plurality for Catts, 
9,203. 

After this experience, which threw the entire state into a turmoil of 
strife not unmixed with bitterness, it was to be expected that the primary 
law would be changed, and so a bill was passed amending the law to provide 
again for the double primary plan. This act was vetoed by Governor Catts. 

VOTE OF FLORIDA GENERAL ELECTION, NOV. 7, 1916. 

The World Almanac gives the following figures for the general election 
which correspond with the Secretary of State's report:. 

For Governor For President 

Democratic Knott 30,343 Wilson 55,984 

Prohibition Catts 39,546 Hanley 4,855 

Republican Allen 10,333 Hughes 14,611 

Socialist Allen 2,470 Benson 5,353 

Independent Mitchell 193 

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY, 1916 

Original Amended 

Canvass. Canvass. 
SIDNEY J. CATTS: 

First choice votes 30,092 30,067 

Second choice votes from Farris voters 1,072 1,060 

Second choice votes from Hudson voters 1,153 1,168 

Second choice votes from Wood voters 1,112 1,123 

Total votes credited to Catts 33,429 33,418 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 69 

Second choice votes for Catts from Knott voters, 

excluded from count under the law 3,694 3,764 



Total first and second choice votes cast for Sidney J. 

Catts 37,123 37,182 

ION L. FARRIS: 

First choice votes 13,649 13,609 

Second choice votes from Catts voters 2,363 2,359 

Second choice votes from Hudson voters 875 832 

Second choice votes from Knott voters 2,281 2,261 

Second choice votes from Wood voters 815 832 



Total first and second choice votes cast for Farris.... 19,983 19,893 

FRED M. HUDSON: 

First choice votes 7,410 7,418 

Second choice votes from Catts voters 3,362 3,408 

Second choice votes from Farris voters 1,418 1,428 

Second choice votes from Knott voters 5,109 5,154 

Second choice votes from Wood voters 784 818 



Total first and second choice votes cast for Hudson--18,083 18,226 

WILLIAM V. KNOTT: 

First choice votes 24,720 24,765 

Second choice votes from Farris voters 4,399 4,467 

Second choice votes from Hudson voters 2,421 2,504 

Second choice votes from Wood voters 1,629 1,703 



Total votes credited to Knott 33,169 33,439 

Second choice from Catts voters, excluded from count 

under the law 7,406 7,469 



Total of all votes cast for Knott 40,575 40,908 

FRANK A WOOD: 

First choice votes 7,701 7,674 

Second choice votes from Catts voters 3,636 3,684 

Second choice votes from Farris voters 2,027 2,044 

Second choice votes from Hudson voters 918 942 

Second choice votes from Knott voters 3,127 3,002 



Total first and second choice votes cast for Wood 17,409 17,346 



Florida is the only state in the Union growing in landed area, by 
accretions due to the busy work of a minute animal building up coral 
reefs. 



70 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



I' 

Transportation Lines of Florida 



Florida's total mileage of operated railroad tracks is 5,963. The total 
railway operating revenue is $21,691,289. The net revenue per mile, $1,090. 

The receipts of the Southern Express Company in Florida for the year 
ending June 30, 1915, were $757,704.57; the net earnings were $9,483.03. 

The receipts of the Pullman Company in Florida for the year ending 
June 30, 1915, were $334,069.68; the net revenue, $46,756.28. 

The Atlantic Coast Line charges 2% cents per mile, except on certain 
branches, which charge 3 cents. 

The Florida East Coast Railway charges 3 cents per mile north of 
Homestead; south of Homestead, 4 cents. 

The Seaboard Air Line charges 2% cents per mile, except on certain 
branches, which charge 3 cents. 

The Tampa and Jacksonville road charges 4 cents per mile (from 
Sampson City to Emathla, 56 miles long). Seventeen other small lines are 
permitted to charge 4 cents straight fare, with 3 cent round trip tickets. 
Eight other railways charge 3 cents straight. 

The Atlantic Coast Line operates 2,016.42 miles of track in Florida. 
Main line mileage, 947.36. 

The Seaboard Air Line operates 1,249.54 miles of track in Florida. Main 
line mileage, 956.56. 

The Florida East Coast Railway lies entirely within Florida. Its total 
mileage, including second, siding and yard tracks, is 872.22. Main line 
mileage, 522. 

Eleven steamboat lines operate in Florida waters. Their gross receipts 
for the year ending December 31, 1915, were $354,886.48; net revenue, 
$43,189.38. 



RAILROAD LINES AND DISTANCES. 



ATLANTIC COAST LINE 

(Jacksonville to Port Tampa) 
Jacksonville to: 

Palatka 54.9 Orlando 146.6 

Crescent City Junction 77. Kissimmee 164.4 

DeLand Junction 107.2 Lakeland 207. 

Orange City Junction 112.3 Plant City 217.5 

Enterprise Junction 118.1 Ybor City 237.5 

Sanford 124.3 Tampa 238.1 

Port Tampa 248. 

Jacksonville to Jesup, Ga 96. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 71 

(Jacksonville to St. Petersburg) 

Jacksonville to : 

Baldwin 19.2 San Antonio 187.9 

Gainesville 84.5 Tarpon Springs 221. 

Ocala Junction 124.2 Sutherland 226.5 

Ocala 125.1 Clearwater 234.5 

Ocklawaha 140. Bellair 235.5 

Leesburg Junction 158. Pinellas Park 245.8 

Leesburg 159. St. Petersburg Wharf 252.9 

Groom 189.2 St. Petersburg 252.2 

Jacksonville to Perry 161. 

(Lakeland to Fort Myers) 

Lakeland to : 

Arcadia 62. Punta Gorda 86. 

Fort Myers 114. 

(Sanford to Trilby) 

Sanford to: 

Winter Garden 30.1 Clermont 43.5 

Trilby 74.6 

(Lakeland to Waycross) 

Lakeland to: 

Groom 43.1 Williston 105.1 

Inverness 62.8 Live Oak 186.6 

Gulf Junction 79.3 Bakers Mill 206.7 

Dunnellon 81.8 Waycross, Ga 270. 

High Springs to Burnett's Lake 9.3 

Wilcox Junction to Dunnellon 51.3 

Ocala to Homosassa 49.9 

Sanford to Astor 60. 

Sanford to Lake Charm 18.4 

Leesburg to Fort Mason 13.8 

Kissimmee to Apopka 33.1 

Kissimmee to Narcoossee 14. 

Lake Alfred to Bartow 16.7 

DeLand Junction to DeLand 4. 

Winston to Fort Meade 28.8 

Sanford to Mecca Junction 9.3 

Thonotosassa Junction to Thonotosassa 11- 

Croom to Brooksville 10. 

Proctor to Citra 6.1 

Palatka to Rochelle 38.9 

Micanopy Junction to Tacoma 8.4 

Lake City to Lake City Junction 18.7 

Monticello to Thomasville, Ga 24.1 

River Junction to Climax, Ga - 30.3 

Haines City to Sebring 46.5 

Tampa to West Tampa 3. 

Nichols to Mulberry 4. 

Fanlew to Thomasville, Ga 47. 



72 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY 
(Jacksonville to River Junction) 

Jacksonville to: 

Baldwin 18.7 Lloyd 147. 

Macclenny 27.5 Tallahassee 165.1 

Olustee 46.7 Quincy 189. 

Lake City 59.3 Gretna 194.3 

Live Oak 81.3 Mt. Pleasant 197.7 

Madison 109.7 River Junction 207.8 

(Jacksonville to Tampa) 
Jacksonville to : 

Baldwin 18.7 South Lake Weir Junction 117.3 

Lawtey 37.7 Wildwood 127.4 

Starke 44.4 Sumterville 138.2 

Waldo 56.3 Dade City 164.2 

Hawthorne 70.5 Plant City 188.9 

Silver Springs 99.6 Tampa Northern Junction 209.4 

Ocala 101.5 Ybor City 210.1 

Tampa 211. 

Jacksonville to Savannah, Ga 137.8 

Fernandina to Baldwin 47.2 

Waldo to Cedar Key 70.8 

Starke to Wannee 56.6 

Buda to Norwillis 9. 

Archer to Inverness 58.6 

Wildwood to Orlando 53.1 

Orlando to Lake Charm 17. 

Morriston to Ackert Spur 5. 

Turkey Creek to Venice 74.5 

Plant City to Lake Wales 44.5 

Edeson Junction to Agricola 12.1 

Tampa to Brooksville 48.6 

Brooksville to Centralia 15.9 

Tallahassee to St. Marks (First railroad in Florida; third in U. S.).... 20.4 

Tallahassee to Waylonzo 32.3 

Morriston to Holder (Phosphate Mining Section) 40. 

Drifton to Monticello 4.4 

GEORGIA SOUTHERN AND FLORIDA RAILWAY 

(Palatka to Valdosta, Ga.) 

Palatka to: 

Putnam Hall 21.5 Lake City 74.4 

Sampson City 42.1 White Springs 86.3 

Lake Butler 53.1 Jasper 103.8 

Valdosta, Ga 134.4 

Jacksonville to Macon, Ga 261.8 

FLORIDA RAILWAY COMPANY 

(Live Oak to Blair's Still) 

Live Oak to: 

Suwannee River 16.7 Perry 51.1 

Fenholloway 45.3 Blairs Still 55. 

Mayo to Alton 2.5 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 73 

TAMPA AND JACKSONVILLE RAILWAY 
(Sampson City to Emathla) 

Sampson City to: 

Gainesville 20. Micanopy 36.7 

Emathla 56. 

LIVE OAK, PERRY AND GULF RAILROAD 
(Live Oak to Loughridge) 

Live Oak to: 

Bowling Park : 17. Hampton Springs 49. 

Fenholloway 38. Murat Junction 54. 

Blue Creek Junction 40. Waylonzo 60. 

Perry 44. Loughridge 64. 

Mayo Junction to Alton 14.3 

LOUISVILLE AND NASHVILLE 
(Pensacola to River Junction) 

Pensacola to: 

Bagdad Junction 18.7 Marianna 135.1 

DeFuniak Springs 78.9 Grand Ridge 149.1 

Bonifav 107.6 Sneads 155.1 

Chipley 116.4 River Junction 160.7 

Pensacola to Flomaton 43.7 

Crestview to Florala, Ala 26.4 

Graceville to Montgomery, Ala 159.4 

APALACHICOLA NORTHERN RAILROAD 
(River Junction to Port St. Joe) 

River Junction to: 

Hardaway (Highest Point in Apalachicola 79.5 

Florida, altitude 303 feet).... 8.5 Port St. Joe (one of the early 
Fort Gadsden 62.5 fortified and shipping -orts).. 102.3 

ATLANTA AND ST. ANDREWS BAY RAILWAY 
(St. Andrews to Dothan Ala.) 

St. Andrews to: 

Panama City 2. Cottondale 53. 

Millville Junction 4. State Line, Ala 68. 

Lynn Haven Junction 4. Dothan, Ala 84. 

GEORGIA, FLORIDA AND ALABAMA RAILWAY 
(Carrabelle to Cuthbert, Ga.) 

Carrabelle to: 

Lanark 5. Tallahassee 50. 

Sopchoppy 19. Havana 67. 

S. A. L. junction 49. Bainbridge, Ga 90. 

Cuthbert, Ga 156. 

Havana to Quincy (Tobacco growing section) 11- 

SOUTH GEORGIA RAILWAY 
(Hampton Springs to Adel, Ga.) 

Hampton Springs to: 

Perry 5. Ouitman, Ga 54. 

Greenviiie 31. Adel, Ga 82. 



74 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

GEORGIA AND FLORIDA RAILWAY 

Madison, Fla., to Valdosta, Ga 28. 

CHARLOTTE HARBOR AND NORTHERN RAILWAY 
(South Boca Grande to Mulberry) 

South Boca Grande to: 

Boca Grande 2,3 Ft. Green Junction 77. 

Gasparilla 5.3 Bradley Junction 89.1 

Ft. Ogden 36.9 Martin Junction 90.6 

Arcadia 48.9 Mulberry 96.9 

PENSACOLA, MOBILE AND NEW ORLEANS RAILWAY 

Pensacola to: 

Millview Junction 6.29 Milview 7.29 

Millview Junction to Muscogee 15.3 

OCKLAWAHA VALLEY RAILROAD 
(Ocala to Palatka) 

Ocala to: 

Silver Springs Junction 3.8 Rodman 39.5 

Silver Springs 5.8 O. N. Junction 52.1 

Rodman Jun :tion 41.7 Palatka 53.7 

TAVARES & GULF 
(Tavares to Ocoee) 

Tavares to: 

West Apopka 15. Tildenville 27.5 

Oakland 26.5 Winter Garden 29. 

Ocoee 31.4 

Waits Junction to Clermont 6. 

MARIANNA & BLOUNTSTOWN 

(Marianna to Scotts Ferry) 

Marianna to: 

Blountstown 26.7 Gaskins Siding 40. 

Scotts Ferry 42. 

FLORIDA EAST COAST RAILWAY 
(Jacksonville to Key West) 

Jacksonville to: 

St. Augustine 36.7 Melbourne 194.2 

Hastings 53.7 Sebastian 214.5 

East Palatka 61.5 Fort Pierce 241.6 

San Mateo Junction 62.8 Stuart 261.4 

Bunnell 86.6 West Palm Beach 299. 

Ormond 104.2 Fort Lauderdale 341.2 

Daytona 109.7 Miami 365.6 

New Smyrna 124.6 Homestead 393.9 

Titusville 154.4 Indian Key 445.2 

Rockledge 174.6 Knights Key Dock 476.8 

Eau Gallie 189.8 Key West 522. 

New Smyrna to Orange City Junction 27.5 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 75 

Titusville to: 

Mayport 16.4 Enterprise Junction 40. 

Jacksonville to Mayport 25.4 

East Palatka to San Mateo 4.1 

East Palatka to Palatka 2.7 

Maytown to 

Chuluota 18.5 Fort Drum 101.5 

Kenansville 72.8 Okeechobee 121.9 

TAMPA & GULF RAILWAY 

(Tampa to St. Petersburg) 

Tampa to : 

Sulphur Springs 8. Clearwater 33.7 

Gulf Coast Junction 7.7 Belleair 35. 

Tarpon Springs Junction 15.4 Largo 36.9 

Espiritu Santo Springs 26. St. Petersburg 54.8 

Tarpon Springs Junction to Tarpon Springs v 21.5 

Lake Villa to Port Richey 8.1 

LAKE HANCOCK & CLERMONT RAILROAD 

Carters to Nettie 24. 

FELLSMERE RAILROAD 

Sebastian to Fellsmere 9-9 

FLORIDA, ALABAMA & GULF RAILROAD 

Galliverto: 

Blackman Junction 16. Falco, Ala 25. 

OCALA & SOUTHWESTERN R. R. 

Ocala to Ray ^^ 

BIRMINGHAM, COLUMBUS & ST. ANDREWS R. R. 

Chipley to Southport 38. 

GULF, FLORIDA AND ALABAMA RAILWAY 

Pensacola to : 

Muscogee 21.8 Gateswood Junction 25.2 

Pine Forest 47.3 

STANDARD & HERNANDO R. R. 

Chatmar, A. C. L. Connection, to Inglis (Phosphate section) 16. 

MELROSE RAILROAD 

Davis Siding to Melrose 6.5 

EAST AND WEST COAST RAILWAY 

(Bradentown to Arcadia) 

Bradentown to: 

Junction 1. Lorraine 11.7 

Manatee 1.3 Myakka City 28.5 

Alsace 5.1 Nocatee Junction 44.1 

Arcadia 50.3 

MADISON SOUTHERN RAILWAY 

Madison to Waco '• 



76 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



State Government (1917-1921) 

GOVERNOR— Sidney Johnston Catts. 

SECRETARY OF STATE— H. Clay Crawford. 

ATTORNEY GENERAL— Van C. Swearingen. 

COMPTROLLER— Earnest Amos. 

STATE TREASURERS. C. Luning. 

SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION— Wm. N. Sheats. 

COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE— W. A. McRae. 

ADMINISTRATIVE BOARDS 

The several administrative boards are composed as follows: 

State Canvassing Board. — The secretary of state, the attorney general 
and the comptroller. 

During the Knott-Catts gubernatorial contest of 1916, when the comp- 
troller, W. V. Knott, was one of the parties at interest, his place on the 
canvassing board was filled by the state treasurer, J. C. Luning. 

Board of Commissioners of State Institutions. — The governor, secretary 
of state, attorney general, comptroller, state treasurer, superintendent of 
public instruction and commissioner of agriculture. 

Pardoning Board. — The governor, secretary of state, attorney general, 
comptroller and commissioner of agriculture. 

Board of Finance. — The governor, comptroller and state treasurer. 

Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund. — The governor, attorney 
general, comptroller, state treasurer and commissioner of agriculture. 

This board has charge of the sale of state's lands and the drainage of 
the Everglades. 

State Board of Education. — The governor, secretary of state, attorney 
general, state treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. 

Board of Pensions. — The governor, comptroller and state treasurer. 
BOARDS APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR 

State Tax Commission. — John Neel, chairman; R. J. Paterson, James V. 
Burke. George Cravey, secretary. 

State Board of Control. — Jos. Lucien Earman, Jacksonville, chairman; 
T. B. King, Arcadia; E. L. Wartman, Citra; J. B. Hodges, Lake City, and 
J. T. Diamond, Milton. 

The same personnel composes the State Plant Board, and has the ad- 
ministration of the funds appropriated for the eradication of plant pests. 
As the Board of Control the board administers legislative appropriations 
for the Florida University at Gainesville, the Florida State College for 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 77 

Women at Tallahassee, and the college for negroes at the same place, and 
the state institution for the deaf, dumb and blind at St. Augustine. 

State Board of Health. — Chas. T. Frecker, chairman, Tampa; Edward 
M. Ernest, Palatka; J. S. Greves, DeFuniak Springs; Dr. W. H. Cox, Jack- 
sonville, State Health Officer; Dr. Hiram Byrd, Princeton, scientific secre- 
tary. 

Live Stock Sanitary Board. — W. A. McRae, president; J. C. Luning, 
W. N. Sheats (all administrative officials of Tallahassee and designated in 
the creating act), W. F. Blackman, Lake Monroe; R. W. Storrs, DeFuniak 
Springs (the last two members appointed), J. W. DeMilly, acting state 
veterinarian. 

This board has the administration of funds appropriated for eradication 
of cattle tick, hog cholera and other diseases of farm animals. 

State Road Department. — Ed Scott, Arcadia, Chairman; W. J. Hillman, 
Live Oak; John E. Gilbert, Jacksonville; J. D. Smith, Marianna; M. M. 
Smith, Orlando. Wm. L. Cocke, state highway engineer; J. Poulton Clark- 
son, chief clerk. 

State Marketing Bureau. — L. M. Rhodes, commissioner; Moses Folsom, 
secretary, office at Jacksonville. The board of directors is composed of the 
commissioner of agriculture, ex-officio chairman; J. L. Sheppard, Greens- 
boro; L. S. Light, Reddick; W. J. Singletary, Grand Ridge. 

State Board of Architecture. — Murry S. King, chairman; E. H, Ehmann, 
B. C. Bonfoey, W. C. Frederic, George L. Pfeiffer. 

State Board of Regular Medical Examiners. — J. M. Jackson, Jr., presi- 
dent, Miami; John C. Patterson, vice-president, Malone; William M. Rowlett, 
secretary, Tampa; E. Van Hood, Ocala; Robert L. Cline, Arcadia; W. D. 
Nobles, Pensacola; James E. Goethe, Palatka. 

State Board of Eclectic Examiners. — G. A. Munch, Tampa; J. A. Mc- 
Donald, Century; E. C. Aurin, Fort Ogden. 

State Board of Osteopathic Examiners, — J. C. Howell, chairman, Or- 
lando; Paul R. Davis, secretary, Jacksonville; Sarah E. Wheeler, Lakeland. 

State Board of Nurses Examiners.— Julia W. Hopkins, R. N. (registered 
nurse), president, St. Augustine; Louise B. Benham, R. N., seci-etary, Jack- 
sonville; Mary Marshall, R. N., Ocala; Laurie Baird, R. N., Gainesville; 
Anna L. Fetting, R. N., Miami. 

State Board of Dental Examiners.— W. E. Van Brunt, Tallahassee; C. L. 
Nance, Tampa; R. P. Taylor, Jacksonville; C. F. Kemp, Key West; W. S. 
Hall, Pensacola. 

Shell Fish Commissioner.— J. Asakiah Williams, office held at Tampa. 
P. B. McDougall, secretary. 

Adjutant General. — J. B. Christian, State Arsenal, St. Augustine. 

State Geologist.— E. H. Sellards. 

State Auditor.— J. Will Yon. M. C. Mcintosh and E. I. Matthews, 
assistant state auditors. 

State Chemist.— Rufus E. Rose. Assistants, A. M. Henry, Frank T. 
Wilson, E. Peck Greene. 



78 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Hotel Commissioner. — Jerry L. Carter. 

State Labor Inspector J. C. Privett, Jacksonville. 

Secretary to the Governor. — J. S. Blitch. 

ELECTIVE COMMISSIONS 
The Railroad Commission. — R. Hudson Burr, chairman; Newton A. 
Blitch, Royal C. Dunn; L. G. Thompson, secretary; Don McMullen, special 
counsel. (Mr. McMullen resigned, effective January, 1918.) 






Governors of Florida 



^ ^ 



TERRITORIAL. 

ANDREW JACKSON— July, 1821 to 1822. 
WILLIAM P. DUVAI^1822 to 1834. 
JOHN H. EATON— 1834 to 1836. 
RICHARD K. CALL— 1836 to 1839. 
ROBERT RAYMOND REED— 1839 to 1841. 
RICHARD K. CALL— 1841 to 1844. 
JOHN BRANCH— 1844 to 1845. 

STATE. 
WILLIAM D. MOSELEY— 1845 to 1849. 
THOMAS BROWN— 1849 to 1853. 
JAMES E. BROOME— 1853 to 1857. 
MADISON S. PERRY— 1857 to 1861. 
JOHN MILTON— 1861 to 1865 (died in office). 
WILLIAM MARVIN— 1865 to 1866. 
DAVID S. WALKER— 1866 to 1868. 
HARRISON REED— 1868 to 1872. 
SAMUEL T. DAY — (Acting during impeachment proceedings against 

Governor Reed), 1872. 
OSSIAN B. HART— 1872 to 1873 (died in office). 
MARCELLUS L. STEARNS— (Acting June to November) 1873. 
MARCELLUS L. STEARNS— 1873 to 1877. 
GEORGE F. DREW— 1877 to 1881. 
WILLIAM D. BLOXHAM— 1881 to 1885. 
EDWARD A. PERRY— 1885 to 1889. 
FRANCIS P. FLEMING— 1889 to 1893. 
HENRY L. MITCHELI^-1893 to 1897. 
WILLIAM D. BLOXHAM— 1897 to 1901. 
W. S. JENNINGS— 1901 to 1905. 
N. B. BROWARD— 1905 to 1909. 
ALBERT W. GILCHRIST— 1909 to 1913. 
PARK TRAMMELL— 1913 to 1917. 
SIDNEY J. CATTS— 1917 to 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



79 






The Judiciary of Florida 



,,_^_ 



SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA 

JEFFERSON B. BROWNE, Chief Justice. 

R. FENWICK TAYLOR, 

JAMES B. WHITFIELD, 

WILLIAM H. ELLIS. 

THOMAS F. WEST, 

G. TALBOT WHITFIELD, Clerk. 

CIRCUIT JUDGES 



Name 


Circuit 


Counties 


Address 


A. G. Campbell 


1st 


Escambia 
Santa Rosa 
Okaloosa 
Walton 


DeFuniak Springs 


E. C. Love 


2nd 


Liberty 

Franklin 

Gadsden 

Jefferson 

Wakulla 

Leon 


Quincy 


Mallory F. Home 


3rd 


Hamilton 

Taylor 

Madison 

Columbia 

Suwannee 

Lafayette 


Jasper 


George Couper Gibbs 


4th 


Clay 
Nassau 
St. Johns 
Duval 
Flagler 


Jacksonville 


Daniel A. Simmons 




Duval 


Jacksonville 


W. S. Bullock 


5th 


Lake 

Sumter 
Citrus 
Hernando 
Marion 


Ocala 


0. K. Reaves 


6th 


Pinellas 
^''^anatee 
Pasco 


Bradentown 


James W. Perkins 


7th 


Brevard 

Volusia 
Osceola 
Orange 
Seminole 


DeLand 



80 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



Name 

James T. Wills 



D. J. Jones 
John S. Edwards 

H. Pierre Branning 

F. M. Robles 
C. L. Wilson 

E. B. Donnell 



Name 

R. A. McGeachy 
Geo. W. Walker 
H. Stafford Caldwell 
Frank L. Dancy 
Geo. W. Scofield 
M. A. McMuUen 
Joseph H. Jones 
A. V. Long 
Ira A. Hutchison 
John W. Burton 
John C. Gramling 
Horace C. Gordon 
R. H. Buford 
Edgar C. Thompson 



Circuit Counties 

8th Levy 

Baker 
Putnam 
Bradford 
Alachua 

9th Holmes 

Washington 
Bay 

10th Lee 
Polk 
DeSoto 

11th Dade 

Monroe 

13th Hillsborough 

14th Jackson 
Calhoun 

15th Broward 

Palm Beach 
St. Lucie 
Okeechobee 

STATE ATTORNEYS 

Circuit 

1st 

2nd 

3rd 

4th 

5th 

6th 

7th 

8th 

9th 
10th 
11th 
13th 
14th 
15th 



Address 

Gainesville 



Chipley 
Lakeland 

Miami 

Tampa 
Marianna 

West Palm Beach 



Address 

Milton 

Tallahassee 

Live Oak 

Jacksonville 

Inverness 

Clearwater 

Orlando 

Starke 

Chipley 

Arcadia 

Miami 

Tampa 

Marianna 

West Palm Beach 



It will be seen that there is no twelfth circuit, the reason being that an 
act of the legislature of 1915 creating a twelfth circuit was declared uncon- 
stitutional by the Supreme Court of Florida. This act redefined the confines 
of the fourth and eighth circuits and created the twelfth circuit. Under its 
provisions, Governor Trammell appointed J. Turner Butler, of Duval county, 
judge of the new circuit, which was composed of the counties of Duval and 
Nassau. Under the rearrangement provisions the fourth circuit was com- 
posed of the counties of Clay, Putnam and St. Johns, and S. J. Hilbum, of 
Palatka, was appointed judge of that circuit. The decision of the supreme 
court invalidating the act came about a month after Butler and Hilbum 
were appointed. This accounts for the absence of a twelfth circuit. Judge 
Daniel A. Simmons is judge of the circuit court for Duval county, while 
Judge George Couper Gibbs is judge of the fourth circuit, in which Duval is 
situated. The work of that circuit became so heavy that an additional 
judge was necessary. Judge Simmons was appointed in 1913. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 81 

U. S. COURT, NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA. 

WILLIAM B. SHEPPARD, U. S. District Judge, Pensacola. 

F. W. MARSH, U. S. District Clerk, Pensacola. 

JOHN L. NEELEY, U. S. District Attorney, Pensacola. 

J. EARLE HOFFMAN, Asst. District Attorney, Pensacola, 

JAMES B. PERKINS, U. S. Marshal, Pensacola. 

Places holding court: Pensacola, first Monday May and November; 
Tallahassee, second Monday January; Gainesville, second Mondays June 
and December; Marianna, first Monday in April. 

Counties in district; Alachua, Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gads- 
den, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Okaloosa, 
Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA. 

RHYDON M. CALL, Judge, Jacksonville. 
EDWIN R. WILLIAMS, Clerk, Jacksonville. 
N. H. BOSWELL, Marshal, Jacksonville. 
HERBERT S. PHILLIPS, Attorney, Tampa. 
FRED BOTTS, Assistant Attorney, Jacksonville. 

DATES OF HOLDING COURT: 

At Jacksonville — First Monday in December. 

At Tampa — Second Monday in February. 

At Key West — First Monday in November. 

At Ocala — Third Monday in January. 

At Miami — Fourth Monday in April. 

At Fernandina — First Monday in April. 

The Counties comprised in the district according to divisions are as 
follows : 

No. 1 — Duval, Nassau, Baker, Bradford, Columbia, Hamilton, Madi- 
son, Suwannee, Clay, Putnam, St. Johns, Volusia and Flagler. 

No. 2 — Marion, Lake, Citrus, and Sumter. 

No. 3 — Seminole, Brevard, St. Lucie, Palm Beach, Dade, Broward and 
Okeechobee. 

No. 4 — Monroe. 

No. 5 — Lee, DeSoto, Manatee, Pinellas, Hillsborough, Polk, Osceola, 
Pasco, Hernando and Orange. 

SUPREME COURT JUSTICES OF FLORIDA 

C. J. — Chief Justice. 
THOMAS DOUGLAS (C. J. 1846-1850) (1853-1855). 
THOMAS BALTZELL (1846-1850) (C. J. 1854-1860). 
GEORGE S. HAWKINS (1846-1850). 
GEORGE W. MACRAE (1847). 
JOSEPH B. LANCASTER (1848-1850). 
WALKER ANDERSON (C. J. 1851-1853). 
LESLIE A. THOMPSON (1851-1853). 



82 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

ALBERT G. SEMMES (1851-1853). 

BENJAMIN D. WRIGHT (C. J. 1853). 

CHARLES H. DUPONT (1854-1860) (C. J. 1860-1868). 

BIRD M. PEARSON (1856-1859). 

WILLIAM A. FORWARD (1860-1865). 

DAVID S. WALKER (1860-1865). 

AUGUSTUS E. MAXWELL (1865-1866) (C. J. 1887-1888) (1889-1890). 

JAMES M. BAKER (1865-1868). 

SAMUEL J. DOUGLAS (1866-1868). 

EDWIN M. RANDALL (C. J. 1868-1885). 

OSSIAN B. HART (1868-1872). 

JAMES D. WESTCOTT, JR. (1868-1885). 

FRANKLIN ERASER (1873-1874). 

ROBERT B. VAN VALKENBURG (1874-1888). 

GEORGE G. McWHORTER (C. J. 1885-1887). 

GEORGE P. RANEY (1885-1888) (C. J. 1889-1894). 

HENRY L. MITCHELL (1889-1890). 

ROBERT FENWICK TAYLOR (1891-1896) (C. J. 1897-1905) (1905-1915) 

(C. J. 1915-1917) (1917- 
MILTON H. MABRY (1891-1894) (C. J. 1895-1896) (1897-1903). 
BENJAMIN S. LIDDON (C. J. 1894) (1895-1896). 
FRANCIS B. CARTER (1897-1905). 
EVELYN C. MAXWELL (1902-1904). 
THOMAS M. SHACKLEFORD (1902-1905) (C. J. 1905-1909) (1909-1913). 

(C. J. 1913-1915) (1915-1917). 
ROBERT S. COCKRELL (1902-1917). 
WILLIAM A. HOCKER (1903-1915). 
JAMES B. WHITFIELD (1904) (C. J. 1905) (1905-1909) (C. J. 1909-1912), 

(1913- 
CHARLES B. PARKHILL (1905-1911). 
WILLIAM H. ELLIS (1915- 
JEFFERSON B. BROWNE (C. J. 1917- 
THOMAS F. WEST (1917- 



Jefferson county in Florida was named for the founder of the Dem- 
ocratic party, and its capital was named in honor of the founder's famous 
estate — Monticello. The town retains the appearance and some of the cus- 
toms of the typical southern town of a generation ago, which are regarded 
by many as quaint and pleasing. 



The papaya is a melon that grows on a dwarf tree in the lower 
Florida peninsula. The juice of the fruit is used for medicinal pur- 
poses, being obtained by scarifying the fruit when about two-thirds 
ripe, allowing the juice or milk to crystallize. This is called papain, 
and is used in the manufacture of digestive tablets. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 83 



Congressional Representation 



I 

*•-»- 



FIRST DISTRICT — Counties: Citrus, DeSoto, Hernando, Hillsboro, 
Lake, Lee, Manatee, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, and Sumter (11 counties). Popu- 
lation (1910), 168,001. Herbert J. Drane, Lakeland, Fla., repres.entative. 

SECOND DISTRICT— Counties: Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Colum- 
bia, Hamilton, Jefferson, LaFayette, Levy, Madison, Marion, Nassau, 
Suwanee, and Taylor (13 counties). Population (1910), 197,086. Frank 
Clark, Gainsville, Fla., representative. 

THIRD DISTRICT— Counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, 
Gadsden, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, 
Walton and Washington (14 counties). Population (1910), 190,960. Walter 
Kehoe, Pensacola, Fla., representative. 

FOURTH DISTRICT— Counties: Brevard, Broward, Clay, Dade, Duval, 
Flagler, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Okeechobee, Palm Beach, Putnam, St. 
John, St. Lucie, Seminole, and Volusia (16 counties). Population (1910), 
196,572. William Joseph Sears, Kissimmee, Fla., representative. 

Florida had one representative in congress until the increased popula- 
tion under the census of 1870 allowed two, and in 1872 the second represen- 
tative was elected. The apportionment act of congress of January 16, 1901, 
provided that after March 3, 1903, the house should be composed of 386 
representatives, and Florida's third congressional district was created by 
the legislature of 1901. The act of congress approved August 8, 1911, gave 
one representative in congress for each 212,407 of population, increasing the 
number of representatives to 435. This act was passed after the biennial 
session of the legislature in the spring of 1911, hence Florida had a con- 
gressman at large for two years. Claude L'Engle, of Jacksonville, was 
elected in 1912 and served from March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1915. The legis- 
lature of 1913 redistricted the state into four congressional districts, and 
W. J. Sears was elected to represent the fourth district. 



The earliest lumbering industry on the Gulf was established in 
Florida between the Choctawatchee and Perdido rivers. Pensacola 
exported four million feet of lumber in 1835; in twenty years the 
exports grew to eighteen million feet, and from that time increased 
with rapid strides annually. 



84 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

FLORIDA CONGRESSMEN. 

From the Seventeenth Congress, March 4, 1821, to March 3, 1823, when 
Florida as a territory was represented for the first time in the National 
House of Representatives, to the Sixty-fifth Congress, March 4, 1917, to 
March 3, 1919. 

17th Congress, March 4, 1821— March 3, 1823. 
JOSEPH M. HERNANDEZ, took his seat Jan. 3, 1823. 

18th Congress, March 4, 1823— March 3, 1825. 
RICHARD KEITH CALL. 

19th Congress, March 4, 1825— March 3, 1827. 
JOSEPH M. WHITE, Pensacola. 

20th Congress, March 4, 1827— March 3, 1829. 
JOSEPH M. WHITE, Pensacola. 

21st Congress, March 4, 1829— March 3, 1831. 
JOSEPH M. WHITE, Monticello. 

22nd Congress, March 4, 1831— March 3, 1833. 
JOSEPH M. WHITE, Monticello. 

23rd Congress, March 4, 1833— March 3, 1835. 
JOSEPH M. WHITE, Monticello. 

24th Congress, March 4, 1835— March 3, 1837. 
JOSEPH M. WHITE, Monticello. 

25th Congress, March 4, 1837— March 3, 1839. 
CHARLES DOWNING, St. Augustine. 

26th Congress, March 4, 1839— March 4, 1841. 
CHARLES DOWNING, St. Augustine. 

27th Congress, March 4, 1841— March 3, 1843. 
DAVID LEVY, St. Augustine. 

28th Congress, March 4, 1843— March 3, 1845. 
DAVID LEVY, St. Augustine. 

29th Congress, March 4, 1845— March 3, 1847. 
Florida was raised to statehood by act of March 3, 1845. 
Senators— DAVID LEVY (YULEE)*, St. Augustine. JAMES D. WEST- 
COTT, JR.,* Tallahassee. 



♦Senator Yulee took his seat December 1, 1845; term to expire, as 
determined by lot, March 3, 1851. On Jan. 12, 1846, the Senate ordered 
the surname of Yulee to be added to the name of the senator (David Levy 
Yulee), in conformity with an act of the Legislature of Florida. Senator 
Westcott took his seat Dec. 1, 1845, term to expire, as determined by lot, 
March 3, 1849. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 85 

Representatives— EDWARD C. CABELL,* Tallahassee. 

WILLIAM H. BROCKENBROUGH,* Tallahassee. 

30th Congress, March 4, 1847— March 3, 1849. 
Senators— DAVID L. YULEE, St. Augustine; JAMES D. WESTCOTT, JR., 

Tallahassee. 
Representative— EDWARD C, CABELL, Tallahassee. 

31st Congress, March 4, 1849— March 3, 1851. 

Senators— JACKSON MORTON, Pensacola; DAVID L. YULEE, St. 

Augustine. 
Representative— EDWARD C. CABELL, Tallahassee. 

32nd Congress, March 4, 1851— March 3, 1853 

Senators— JACKSON MORTON, Pensacola; STEPHEN R. MALLORY,** 

Jacksonville. 
Representative— EDWARD C. CABELL, Tallahassee. 

33rd Congress, March 4, 1853— March 3, 1855. 

Senators— JACKSON MORTON, Pensacola; STEPHEN R. MALLORY, 

Jacksonville. 
Representative— AUGUSTUS E. MAXWELL, Tallahassee. 

34th Congress, March 4, 1855— March 3, 1857. 

Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Key West; DAVID L. YULEE, 

Homasassa. 
Representative— AUGUSTUS E. MAXWELL, Tallahassee. 

35th Congress, March 4, 1857— March 3, 1859. 
Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY,*** Pensacola; DAVID L. YULEE, 

Homasassa. 
Representative— GEORGE S. HAWKINS, Pensacola. 

36th Congress, March 4, 1859— March 3, 1861. 

Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY,*** Key West, DAVID L. YULEE, 

Homasassa. 
Representative— GEORGE S. HAWKINS, Pensacola. 

37th Congress, March 4, 1861— March 3, 1863. 

Florida seats in both houses vacant. Seat of Senator Mallory declared 
vacant by resolution of March 14, 1861 (special session of the Senate). 

38th Congress, March 4, 1863— March 3, 1865. 

Florida seats vacant. 

39th Congress, March 4, 1865— March 3, 1867. 

Florida seats vacant. 



♦Representative Brockenbrough successfully contested the election of 
Edward C. Cabell, and took his seat Jan. 24, 1846. 

**Election unsuccessfully contested by David L. Yulee. 

***Florida seceded from the Union Jan. 10, 1861, and the Florida sen- 
ators and representative withdrew from Congress Jan. 21, 1861, being the 
first Southern congressmen to take this action. 



86 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

40th Congress, March 4, 1867— March 3, 1869. 
Senators— THOMAS W. OSBORN, Pensacola; ADONIJAH S. WELCH, 

Jacksonville, 
Representative— CHARLES M. HAMILTON, Marianna. 

41st Congress, March 4, 1869— March 3, 1871. 
Senators— THOMAS W. OSBORN, Pensacola; ABIJAH GILBERT, St. 

Augustine. 
Representative— CHARLES M. HAMILTON, Jacksonville. 

42nd Congress, March 4, 1871— March 3, 1873. 

Senators— THOMAS W. OSBORN, Pensacola; ABIJAH GILBERT, St. 

Augustine. 
Representatives— JO SI AH T. WALLS, Gainesville; SILAS L. NIBLACK, 

Gainesville. 

43rd Congress, March 4, 1873— March 3, 1875. 

Senators— ABIJAH GILBERT, St. Augustine; SIMON B. CONOVER, Talla- 
hassee. 

Representatives— WILLIAM J. PURMAN, Tallahassee; JOSIAH T. WALLS, 
Gainesville. 

44th Congress, March 4, 1875— March 3, 1877. 

Senators— SIMON B. CONOVER, Tallahassee; CHARLES W. JONES, Pen- 
sacola. 

Representatives— WILLIAM J. PURMAN, Tallahassee; JOSIAH T. WALLS, 
Gainesville; JESSE J. FINLEY,* Jacksonville. 

45th Congress, March 4, 1877— March 3, 1879. 

Senators— SIMON B. CONOVER, Tallahassee; CHARLES W. JONES, Pen- 
sacola. 

Representatives— HORATIO BISBEE, JR., Jacksonville; JESSE J. FIN- 
LEY,** Jacksonville; ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy. 

46th Congress, March 4, 1879— March 3, 1881. 
Senators— CHARLES W. JONES, Pensacola; WILKINSON CALL, Jack- 
sonville. 



Florida was readmitted to representation June 25, 1868. Senator 
Osborn took his seat June 30, 1868, term to expire March 3, 1873; Senator 
Welch took his seat July 2, 1868, term to expire March 3, 1869. Repre- 
sentative Hamilton took his seat July 1, 1868. 

Representative Walls served until Jan. 29, 1873, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Representative Niblack, who successfully contested his election. 

Under the apportionment following the census of 1870, Florida had 
two representatives. Representative Purman resigned Feb. 16, 1875. 

♦Walls served until April 19, 1876, when he was succeeded by Finley, 
who successfully contested his election. 

**Bisbee was succeeded Feb. 20, 1879, by Finley, who contested his 
election. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 87 

Representatives— ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy; NOBLE A. HULL, 
Sanford; HORATIO BISBEE, JR.,* Jacksonville. 

47th Congress, March 4, 1881— March 3, 1883. 

Senators— CHARLES W. JONES, Pensacola; WILKINSON CALL, Jack- 
sonville. 

Representatives— ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy; HORATIO BISBEE, 
JR., Jacksonville; JESSE J. FINLEY,** Jacksonville. 

48th Congress, March 4, 1883— March 3, 1885. 

Senators— CHARLES W. JONES, Pensacola; WILKINSON CALL, Jack- 
sonville. 

Representatives— ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy; HORATIO BISBEE, 
JR., Jacksonville. 

49th Congress, March 4, 1885— March 3, 1887. 

Senators— CHARLES W. JONES, Pensacola; WILKINSON CALL, Jack- 
sonville. 

Representatives— ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy; CHARLES 
DOUGHERTY, Port Orange. 

50th Congress, March 4, 1887— March 3, 1889. 
Senators— WILKINSON CALL, Jacksonville; SAMUEL PASCO, Monticello. 
Representatives— ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy; CHARLES 
DOUGHERTY, Port Orange. 

51st Congress, March 4, 1889— March 3, 1891. 

Senators— WILKINSON CALL, Jacksonville; SAMUEL PASCO, Monticello. 

Representatives— ROBERT H. M. DAVIDSON, Quincy; ROBERT BUL- 
LOCK, Ocala. 

52nd Congress, March 4, 1891— March 3, 1893. 

Senators— WILKINSON CALL,*** Jacksonville; SAMUEL PASCO, Monti- 
cello. 

Representatives— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensacola; ROBERT BUL- 
LOCK, Ocala. 

53rd Congress, March 4, 1893— March 3, 1895. 

Senators— WILKINSON CALL, Jacksonville; SAMUEL PASCO, Monticello. 

Representatives— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensacola; CHARLES M. 
COOPER, Jacksonville. 

54th Congress, March 4, 1895— March 3, 1897. 
Senators— WILKINSON CALL, Jacksonville; SAMUEL PASCO, Monticello. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; CHARLES M. 
COOPER, Jacksonville. 



*Hull served until Jan. 22, 1881, when he was succeeded by Bisbee, who 
contested his election. 

**Finley served until June 1, 1882, when he was succeeded by Bisbee, ^\h^ 
contested his election. 

***Senator Call's election was unsuccessfully contested by Robert H. M. 
Davidson. 



88 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

55th Congress, March 4, 1897— March 3, 1899. 
Senators— SAMUEL PASCO, Monticello; STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensa- 

cola. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; ROBERT W. DAVIS, 

Palatka. 

56th Congress, March 4, 1899— March 3, 1901. 
Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensacola; JAMES P. TALIAFERRO, 

Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; ROBERT W. DAVIS, 

Palatka. 

57th Congress, March 4, 1901— March 3, 1903. 
Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensacola; JAMES P. TALLA.FERRO, 

Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; ROBERT W. DAVIS, 

Palatka. 

58th Congress, March 4, 1903— March 3, 1905. 
Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensacola; JAMES P. TALIAFERRO, 

Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; ROBERT W. DAVIS, 

Palatka; W. B. LAMAR,* Tallahassee. 

59th Congress, March 4, 1905— March 3, 1907. 
Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY, Pensacola; JAMES P. TALIAFERRO, 

Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; FRANK CLARK, 

Lake City; WILLIAM B. LAMAR, Monticello. 

60th Congress, March 4, 1907— March 3, 1909. 
Senators— STEPHEN R. MALLORY,** Pensacola; WILLIAM JAMES 

BRYAN, Jacksonville; WILLIAM H. MILTON, Marianna; JAMES P. 

TALIAFERRO, Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; FRANK CLARK, 

Gainesville; WILLIAM B. LAMAR, Monticello. 

r<lst Congress, March 4, 1909— March 3, 1911. 

Senators— JAMES P. TALIAFERRO, Jacksonville ;DUNC AN U. FLETCH- 
ER, Jacksonville. 

Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; FRANK CLARK, 
Gainesville; DANNITTE H. MAYS, Monticello. 



*Lamar was the first representative from the Third congressional dis- 
trict of Florida created under the new apportionment following the census 
of 1900. 

**Senator Mallory died Dec. 23, 1907; Senator Bryan was appointed to 
fill the vacancy, and took his seat Jan. 9, 1908, and died March 22, 1908. Sen- 
ator Milton was appointed to fill the vacancy in the term commencing 
March 4, 1908, caused by the deaths of Mallory and Bryan, and took his 
seat April 6, 1908. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



89 



62nd Congress, March 4, 1911— March 3, 1913. 

Senators— DUNCAN U. FLETCHER, Jacksonville; NATHAN P. BRYAN, 

Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; FRANK CLARK, 

Gainesville; DANNITTE H. MAYS, Monticello. 

63rd Congress, March 4, 1913— March 3, 1915. 

Senators— DUNCAN U. FLETCHER, Jacksonville; NATHAN P. BRYAN, 
Jacksonville. 

Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; FRANK CLARK, 
Gainesville; EMMETT WILSON, Pensacola; CLAUDE L'ENGLE, elect- 
ed congiessman for the State at large under apportionment following 
census of 1910. 

64th Congress, March 4, 1915— March 3, 1917. 

Senators— DUNCAN U. FLETCHER, Jacksonville; NATHAN P. BRYAN, 

Jacksonville. 
Representatives— STEPHEN M. SPARKMAN, Tampa; FRANK CLARK, 

Gainesville; EMMETT WILSON, Pensacola; WILLIAM J. SEARS, 

Kissimmee. 

65th Congress, March 4, 1917— March 3, 1919. 

Senators— DUNCAN U. FLETCHER, Jacksonville; PARK TRAMMELL, 

Lakeland. 
Representatives— HERBERT J. DRANE, Lakeland; FRANK CLARK, 

Gainesville; WALTER KEHOE, Pensacola; WILLIAM J. SEARS, 

Kissimmee. 






> 



Legislative Apportionment 



The Constitution of 1885 provided: "The legislature that shall meet 
A. D. 1887, and those that shall meet every ten years thereafter, shall 
apportion the representation in the senate, the whole number of senators not 
to exceed 32 members; and at the same time shall also apportion the repre- 
sentation in the house of representatives, the whole number of representa- 
tives not to exceed 68 members. The representation shall be apportioned 
among the several counties as nearly as possible, according to population; 
provided, each county shall have one representative at large in the house of 
representatives, and no county shall have more than three representatives." 

The following apportionment was made by the legislature of 1887, but 



90 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



no reapportionment has been made by any subsequent legislature: 

Representatives 

Hillsborough 2 

Holmes 1 

Jackson 2 

Jefferson 2 

Lafayette 1 

Lake '2 

Lee 1 

Leon 2 

Levy 1 

Liberty 1 

Madison 2 

Manatee 1 

Marion 2 

Monroe 2 

Nassau 2 

Senatorial Districts 

I7th — Suwannee. 

18th.— Duval. 

19th. — Orange and Osceola. 

20th. — Marion and Sumter. 



Alachua 2 

Baker 1 

Bradford 2 

Brevard 1 

Calhoun 1 

Clay 1 

Columbia 2 

Dade 1 

DeSoto 1 

Duval 2 

Escambia 2 

Franklin 1 

Gadsden 2 

Hamilton 2 

Hernando 1 



Orange 2 

Oceola 1 

Polk 2 

Putnam 2 

St. Lucie 2 

Santa Rosa 2 

Sumter 1 

Suvpannee 2 

Taylor 1 

Volusia 2 

Wakulla 1 

Walton 1 

Washington 1 

Pasco 1 

Citrus 1 



1st.- 
2nd.- 
3rd.- 
4th.- 



-Santa Rosa. 
-Escambia. 
-Walton and Holmes 
-Jackson 



5th. — Liberty, Franklin and Wakulla. 21st. — Levy. 
6th.— Gadsden. 22nd. — Jefferson. 

7th.— Polk. 23rd.— Lake. 

8th. — Leon. 24th. — Monroe and Lee. 

9th. — Hernando, Pasco and Citrus. 25th. — Washington and Calhoun. 
10th.— Madison. 26th.— Putnam 

11th.— Hillsborough. 27th.— Manatee and DeSoto. 

12th. — Tavlor and Lafayette. 28th.— Volusia. 

13th.— Dade and Brevard. 29th.— Clay and Baker. 

14th.— Columbia. 30th.— Hamilton. 

15th.— Bradford. 31st.— St. Johns. 

16th.— Nassau. 32nd.— Alachua. 

St. Lucie county was created in 1905 from a part of Brevard county. 
(4th congressional district, 13th senatorial district.) 

Palm Beach county was created in 1909 from a part of Dade county. 
(4th congressional district, 13th senatorial district.) 

Pinellas county was created in 1911 from a part of Hillsboro county. 
(1st congressional district, 11th senatorial district.) 

Bay county was created in 1913 from a part of Washington county. 
(3rd congressional district, 25th senatorial district.) 

Seminole county was created in 1913 from a part of Orange county. 
(4th congressional district, 19th senatorial district.) 

Broward county was created in 1915 from parts of Dade and Palm 
Beach counties. (4th congressional district, 13th senatorial district.) 

Flagler county was created in 1917 from parts of Volusia and St. Johns 
counties. (4th congressional district, 31st senatorial district.) 

Okeechobee county was created in 1917 from parts of St. Lucie, Osceloa 
and Palm Beach counties. (4th congressional district, 13th senatorial district). 

Nine counties have been created since the apportionment of 1887, hence 
the house has nine representatives in excess of the number allowed by the 
constitution, making the total number of members of the legislature 109, 
instead of 100. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 91 






Florida Newspapers 






(Population figures from State Census of 1915.) 

Apalachicola, pop. 3,400 — Times, Saturday. 

Arcadia, pop. 3,504 — Baptist Witness, denominational, Thursday; DeSoto 
County News, aft. and Thursday; Enterprise, Friday. 

Auburndale, pop. 511 — Advocate, Thursday. 

Avon Park, pop. 418 — Press, Friday. 

Bartow, pop. 3,412 — Courier-Informant, Tuesday; Polk County Record, 
Friday. 

Blountstown, pop. 927 — Calhoun Times, Thursday; County Record, Thursday. 

Bonifay, pop. 1,107 — Holmes County Advertiser, Saturday. 

Bradentown, pop. 3,305 — Herald, Wednesday; Manatee River Journal, 
Thursday. 

Branford, pop. 411 — Suwannee Herald, Thursday. 

Bristol, pop. ],200 — Free Press, Thursday. 

Bronson, pop. 450 — Levy Times-Democrat, Wednesday. 

Brooksville, pop. 1,385 — Southern Argus, Thursday; Star, Tuesday. 

Bunnell, pop. 228 — St. Johns Tribune, Friday. 

Bushnell, pop. 343 — Sumter County Times, Friday. 

Callahan, pop. 483 — Nassau County Leader, Friday. 

Carrabelle, pop. 950 — Citizen, Thursday; Topics, Saturday. 

Chipley, pop. 1,571 — Banner, Thursday; Washington Verdict, Friday. 

Clearwater, pop. 1,932 — News, Thursday; Sun, afternoon and Thursday. 

Clermont, pop. 800 — Clarion, Thursday. 

Cocoa, pop. 807 — Star, Friday. 

Crawfordville, pop. 200 — Gulf Coast Breeze, Friday. 

Dade City, pop. 1,950 — Banner, Friday; Florida School Room, monthly. 

Davenport, pop. 167 — Florida Messenger, semi-monthly. 

Daytona, pop. 4,526 — Daytona-Halifax Journal, Thursday; morning during 
winter. Gazette News, Saturday; afternoon during winter. 

DeFuniak Springs, pop. 2,142 — Breeze, Thursday; Herald, Friday. 

DeLand, pop. 3,490 — News, Wednesday; afternoon during winter. Record, 
Friday; Stetson Collegiate, Wednesday during college year. 

Dunnellon, pop. 979 — Marion County Advocate, Friday. 

Estero, pop. 200 — American Eagle, Thursday; Koreshan Unity pubs.; Flam- 
ing Sword, monthly, Koreshan Unity pubs. 

Eustis, pop. 1,148 — Eustis Lake Region, Thursday. 

Fellsmere, pop. 898 — Tribune, Saturday. 

Fernandina, pop. 3,114 — News-Record, Friday. 

Fort Lauderdale, pop. 2,700 — Herald, Friday; Sentinel, Friday. 



92 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Fort Meade, pop. 2,150 — Leader, Thursday. 

Fort Myers, pop, 3,244 — Press, afternoon and Thursday. 

Fort Pierce, pop. 1,942 — News, Friday; St. Lucie Tribune, Friday. 

Gainesville, pop. 6,736 — Sun, morning, except Monday; weekly, Thursday. 
Florida Alligator, Friday during College Year. 

Graceville, pop. 731 — Advertiser, Thursday. 

Green Cove Springs, pop. 2,287 — Clay County Times, Friday. 

Haines City, pop. 378 — Herald, Saturday. 

Hastings, pop. 558 — St. Johns County Herald, Friday. 

Homestead, pop. 721 — Enterprise, Thursday. 

Inverness, pop. 600 — Citrus County Chronicle, Friday. 

Jacksonville, pop. 66,850 — Artisan, Labor, Saturday; Dixie, political, Satur- 
day; Florida Farmer and Stockman, agricultural, monthly; Florida 
Metropolis, afternoon, except Sunday; Florida Times-Union, every 
morning; Floridian, Saturday; Fraternal Record, monthly; Journal 
Florida Medical Assn., monthly. 

Jasper, pop. 1,631 — Hamilton Banner, Thursday; News, Friday. 

Key West, pop. 18,495 — Advertiser, Saturday; Citizen, afternoon, except 
Sunday; Journal (English and Spanish), morning; Mosquito, Spanish, 
Saturday. 

Kissimmee, pop. 4,221 — Kissimmee Valley Gazette, Friday. 

Lake Butler, pop. 832 — Bradford County Times, Thursday. 

Lake City, pop. 3,422 — Citizen Reporter, Friday; Florida Index, Friday. 

Lakeland, pop. 7,287 — Florida Christian Advocate (Methodist), Thursday; 
News, weekly edition of Telegram, Friday; Polk County Star, Thursday; 
Telegram, afternoon, except Sunday. 

Lake Wales, pop. 200 — Highlander, Thursday. 

Lake Worth, pop. 612 — Herald, Thursday. 

Largo, pop. 552 — Sentinel, Thursday. 

Leesburg, pop. 1,360 — Commercial, Friday. 

Live Oak, pop. 3,294 — Present Truth Messenger (religious), Thursday; 
Suwannee Citizen, Friday; Suwannee Democrat, Thursday. 

Lynn Haven, pop. 1,250 — Tribune, Thursday. 

Macclenny, pop. 368 — Baker County Standard, Friday. 

Madison, pop. 1,763 — Enterprise-Recorder, Friday. 

Manatee, pop. 1,487 — Record, Friday. 

Marianna, pop. 2,357 — Times-Courier, Thursday. 

Mayo, pop. 719 — Free Press, Thursday. 

Melbourne, pop. 408 — Times, Wednesday. 

Miami, pop, 15,594 — Herald, every morning; weekly, Friday. Metropolis, 
afternoon, except Sunday; weekly, Friday. Tropic Magazine, monthly. 

Milton, pop. 1,415 — County Times, Friday; Gazette, Friday. 

Modello, pop. 100 — Tropical Topics, monthly. 

Molino, pop. 500 — Advertiser, Friday. 

Monticello, pop. 2,040 — News, Friday. 

Mount Dora, pop. 576 — Topic, Wednesday. 

Mulberry, pop. 1,121 — Herald, Friday. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 93 

New Smyrna, pop. 2,012 — Breeze, Friday; News, Fi-iday. 

Ocala, pop. 5,370 — Banner, morning, except Monday; weekly, Friday. Star, 
afternoon, except Sunday; weekly, Friday. 

Okeechobee, pop. 982— Call, Thursday. 

Orlando, pop. 6,448 — Orange County Citizen, Wednesday; Reporter-Star, 
afternoon, except Sunday; weekly, Thursday. Sentinel, morning, ex- 
cept Monday; weekly, Thursday. 

Palatka, pop. 4,522 — News and Advertiser, Friday; Post, Morning, except 
Sunday; Times-Herald, Friday. 

Palm Beach, pop. 113 — Life, Tuesday during season (January-March). 

Palmetto, pop. 1,625 — News, Friday. 

Panama City, pop. 1,013 — Bay County Beacon, Friday; Pilot, afternoon 
except Sunday; weekly, Thursday. 

Pensacola, pop. 23,219 — Journal, every morning; weekly, Friday. News, 
afternoon, except Sunday. 

Perry, pop. 1,941 — Taylor County Herald, Friday. 

Pinellas Park, pop. 223 — Enterprise, Thursday. 

Plant City, pop. 3,229 — Courier, Tuesday and Friday. 

Punta Gorda, pop. 1,772 — Herald, Thursday. 

Quincy, pop. 3,451 — Gadsden County Times, Thursday. 

Raiford, pop. 500 — Tribune, Thursday. 

Safety Harbor, pop. 150 — Herald, Friday. 

St. Andrews, pop. 1,400 — St. Andrews Bay News, Thursday. 

St. Augustine, pop. 5,471 — Meteor, Friday; Record, afternoon, except Sun- 
day; weekly, Thursday. 

St. Cloud, pop. 2,080— Tribune, Friday. 

St. Petersburg, pop. 7,186 — Independent, afternoon, except Sunday; weekly, 
Thursday. Times, morning, except Monday; weekly, Wednesday. 

Sanford, pop. 4,998 — Florida Growers News, Friday; Herald, Tuesday and 
Friday. 

Sarasota, pop. 1,682 — Times, Thursday. 

Sebring, pop. 398— The White Way, Thursday. 

South Jacksonville, pop. 1,522 — Journal, Saturday. 

Starke, pop. 1,239— Bradford County Telegraph, Friday. 

Stuart, pop. 599 — Messenger, Friday; Times, Friday. 

Summerfield, pop. 325 — Chronicle, Saturday. 

Tallahassee, pop. 5,193 — Democrat, morning, except Monday; weekly, Friday. 
Florida Record, Thursday; Florida School Exponent, monthly except 
July and August. 

Tampa, pop. 48,160 — Citizen, labor, Friday; Florida Grower, Saturday; Free 
Press, Saturday; Heraldo Dominican (Spanish), daily; Times, afternoon, 
except Sunday; weekly, Thursday. Tribune, every morning. 

Tarpon Springs, pop. 1,938 — Leader, afternoon, except Sunday; weekly, 
Friday. Progressive, Tuesday and Friday. 

Tavares, pop. 449 — Herald, Friday. 

Titusville, pop. 1,310 — East Coast Advocate, Friday. 

Trenton, 550— West End, Thursday. 



94 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

Umatilla, pop. 527 — News, Wednesday. 

Wauchula, pop. 1,839 — Florida Advocate, Friday. 

Webster, pop. 307 — Sumter County Advance, Friday. 

West Palm Beach, pop. 4,090 — Palm Beach News, morning, except Monday, 
during winter; weekly, Friday. Palm Beach Post, every morning; Trop- 
ical Sun, afternoon, except Sunday, during winter; weekly, Friday. 

Williston, pop. 800 — Florida West Coast Courier, Friday. 

Winter Haven, pop. 1,226— Florida Chief, Thursday. 

Winter Park, pop. 787 — Post, Thursday. 

Zephyrhills, po. 1,450 — Colonist, Thursday. 

Zolfo, pop. 350— Truth, Friday. 



TELEPHONES 

There are seventy-nine telephone companies doing business in Florida. 
They operate 135 exchanges, and have 41,236 subscribers. Total receipts for 
1915 were $1,366,524.57; net revenue, $162,483.69. 



Many years ago the region about Cape Sable, Florida, was regarded 
with favor by experts as adapted to coffee culture. 



Tarpon Springs and Key West are headquarters for the largest sponge 
fisheries of Florida. Annual production is above two million dollars. 



Kissimmee is a famous Florida town, known the country over because 
it suggests an invitation to osculation. This is because of incorrect pro- 
nunciation. The accent is correctly placed on the second and not on the first 
syllable. Kissimmee is the county seat of Osceola, one of the leading 
cattle growing and shipping counties of Florida. 



Crescent City, in Putnam county, Florida, is a beautiful village, largely 
composed of cultured people from the North who have settled there in 
retirement. It is topographically interesting from the fact that it is 
located on Lake Crescent, which is forty-five feet lower than Lake Ethel, 
on the opposite side of the town, and only a few hundred feet distant. 



Florida abounds in picturesque towns and villages. Among the 
most beautiful of these is Winter Park, the seat of Rollins College. Though 
one of the smallest, it is one of the wealthiest towns in the State when 
appraised according to the financial standing of its winter residents, com- 
posed largely of wealthy Northerners who have retired from active busi- 
ness, and have built handsome residences there. 



During the last Federal census period, the total population of the 
United States increased 21 per cent., while Florida's increased 42.4 
per cent. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



95 



Index to Contents 



Page 

Advertising, first 44 

Apportionment, legislative 89-90 

Assembly, first 44 

Attorneys, State 80 

Avocado 1'5 

Beans, Castor, 15 

Bird Reservations 36 

Board of Health, State 54 

Board of Control, State 70 

Board, State Plant 58-70 

Board, Live Stock 58-70 

Boards, Administrative 70 

Bryan Primary Law 64 

Buildings, Public 60 

Canal, Coast Line 32 

Canal, Survey for 63 

Capitol, Site 48 

Capitol, Building 60 

Campaign, Chipley-Call 55 

Contest, Drew-Stearns 53 

Contest, Tilden-Hayes 53 

Contest, Knott-Catts 64 

Commission Government 57 

Commission, Railroad 55-78 

Commissions, State 72 

Convention, St. Josephs 48 

Convention, Secession 49 

Convention, Unionist 50 

Convention, Nullification 52 

Convention, Constitutional 54 

Congressmen 83-89 

Climate 8 

Colonial Wars 43 

Customs Collections 38 

Courts, Supreme, Circuit 79 

Courts, U. S. District 81 

Drainage, Disston 53 

Drainage, Everglades 11-62 

Education, Public 29 

Elections 49-53-64-68 



Page 

Estero 56 

Equal Suffrage 57 

Florida First in 5 

Florida, East and West 45 

Florida, Geography of 7 

Florida, Growth of 6 

Florida, Population of 7 

Florida, Soils of 9-10 

Florida, Republic of 46 

Florida Ceded to U. S 46 

Florida, Territory of 47 

Florida Admited to U. S 48 

Florida Readmitted 52 

Florida, Early Towns of 58 

Florida, Public Lands of 62 

Florida, Governors of 72 

Florida, Government of 76 

Florida Flashlights, Comment on 2 

Farm and Grove Products 13 

Fruits and Vegetables, 

Movements of 14 

Figs 16 

Forest Resources 19 

Fish Industry 27 

Financial 38 

Fort Marion 42 

Governors 72 

Grasses and Forage Crops 16-17 

Good Roads 33 

Geography, Notes on 7 

Hill Country 12 

Hemp, Sisal 15 

Holidays, Legal 4 

Historical 39 

Impeachment Proceedings 52 

Indian Names 59 

Interest, Legal Rates 4 

Justices, Supreme Court 81 

Live Stock Industry 18 

Live Stock Board 58-70 



96 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 



INDEX TO CONTENTS- Cowtmued 



Page 

Legislature, First i 47 

Mango, Fiberless 16 

Men of Florida 97 

Mineral Deposits 20 

Manufacturing 30 

Monuments 60 

Newspapers 91-94 

New Smyrna 45 

Ocala Platform 55 

Old Spanish Trail 33 

Olustee, Battle of 52 

Olustee Monument 61 

Oversea Railroad 31 

Primary, Bryan 64 

Prohibition Amendment 57 

Peaches 16 

Pecans 15 



Page 

Pensacola 43 

Population 7 

Royal Palm State Park 37 

Ruskin 56 

St. Augustine 43 

Seminole Wars 47-48-49 

Soils, Classification of 9-10 

Telephones 94 

Trail, Tamiami 38 

Transportation Lines 70-75 

TurnbuU Colony 45 

Vote, for President, 1916 68 

Vote, For Governor, 1916 68 

Weather, Comparative Data of.. 9 

Waters and Waterways 21-26 

Water Hyacinths 26 

Water Poison 28 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 97 




Men of Florida 



> 



ABERNETHY, BENJ. C, Orlando, born Demopolis, Ala., Nov. 7, 1869; 
graduated from Bing-ham, Auburn, Ala., B. S. 1890; studied chemistry and 
pharmacy in drug- business several years; member legislature 1907 from 
Orange county; chairman Orlando city executive com. 15 years; chairman 
county executive com. 20 years; presidential elector 1912. 

ACOSTA, ST. ELMO W., Jacksonville, born Jacksonville, Jan. 12, 1875, 
attended public schools Duval county; member Fla. H. R. 1913, candidate for 
congress 4th dist., 1914; member Jacksonville city council two terms, 1910- 
11, 1916-17. 

ADAMS, THOMAS BURTOJV, Jacksonville, born near Jasper, Fla., Nov. 11, 
1877; educated at Uni. of Nashville, Tenn., and George Washington Uni., Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; began practice of law in 1906; was leading attorney for W. V. 
Knott in the gubernatorial, Knott-Catts, contest of 1916. 

ADKINS, ANDREW ZENAS, Starke, born New River, Fla., March 16, 1877; 
attended common schools and Cumberland Uni. at Lebanon. Tenn., graduating 
in law June. 1903; state senator from 1909 to 1917 (2 terms). 

ADKINS, JAMES C, Gainesville, born in Bradford county, Fla., Dec. 11, 
1881; attended public schools and graduated from the law school of Valparaiso 
Uni., Valparaiso, Ind., LL. B. June, 1907; member Fla. H. R. from Alachua 
county 1913-1915. 

ALDERMAN, RHENUS HOFFARD, Sutherland, born Lithia, Fla., Dec. 9, 
1881; educated at Emory College, Oxford, Ga.. Uni. Denver, Denver, Colo., Co- 
lumbia Uni. New York City; chair science Southern College 1905-7; pres. Russell 
College, Lebanon, Va., 1907-9; pres. Morris Harvey College, Barbourville, W. 
Va., 1909-14; pres. Southern College (Methodist) Sutherland, Fla., since 1914. 

ALLEN, FREDERICK MELVILLE, Gastonia, N. C, born Apopka, Fla., July 
9. 1887; graduated from St. Petersburg high school May 9, 1906; was acting city 
clerk St. Petersburg at 16; followed newspaper reporting in St. Petersburg, 
Macon, Savannah, St. Augustine, Orlando; commercial secretary Orlando, Fla., 
1916-17: Gastonia, since 1917. 

ALLEN, GEORGE WHITING, Key West, born at Jacksonville, Fla., Sept. 
1, 1854, educated at Jacksonville and Key West, Fla., and Ithaca, N. Y., was 
collector of customs 16 years in Key West, president of the Florida Bankers 
Assn., has been president First National Bank of Key West since December 
23, 1891. In 1916 was Republican nominee for governor. 

AMOS, ERNEST, Tallahassee, born at Milton, Fla., Nov. 25, 1867, educated 
in public schools. State auditor, February 16, 1909 to December 15, 1916; elected 
Comptroller of Florida in 1916 and assumed office January 2, 1917. Both parents 
of Mr. Amos were born at Milton also; Milton was named in honor of his 
grandfather, Dr. Milton Amos. 

ANDERSON, ROBT. H., Pensacola, born Pensacola Aug. 12, 1890; attended 
public schools and Stetson Uni., LL. B. May 27, 1913; representative Escambia 
county in Fla. H. R. 1915; asst. U. S. atty 1917. 

ANDREWS, CHARLES OSCAR, Tallahassee, born Ponce de Leon, Fla., Mar. 
3, 1877; attended public schools, state normal and university; lawyer; followed 
teaching several years; sec. Fla. senate four sessions; judge criminal court 
Walton county 2 years; asst. atty. general since October, 1911. 

APPLEYARD, THOS. JEFFERSON. Tallahassee, born Richmond, Va., Aug. 
19, 1850, educated Richmond public schools; came to Fla. fall of 1883; six terms 
secretary State senate; sec. Fla. Press Assn, upwards of quarter century; 25 
years asst. sec. National Farmers Congress; member board of aldermen San- 
ford, Fla., ten years and pres. of that body; many years editor Lake City Index; 
state printer since Oct., 1909. 

AUSTIN, D. E., Okeechobee City, born Green Bay, Wis., Aug. 24, 1859, coun- 
ty commissioner since 1908; member council 1916; first mayor of Okeechobee 
City since it became county seat of the new county of Okeechobee; follows 
farming and real estate. 



98 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

BALL, WILLIS M., Jacksonville, born at Tallahassee Aug. 25, 1859, educat- 
ed in public schools and colleges of Florida, president of the Florida Pub. Co., 
publishers of the Florida Times-Union. 

BATCHELOR, DAVID O., Clearwater, born Franklin, Ind., Oct. 3, 1865; 
educated in Indiana; county auditor Elkhart county, Ind., 1908-12; member 
State Board of Accounts. Ind., 1913-14; came to Florida, 1916, and purchased 
Clearwater Sun from W. B. Powell, taking charge Feb., 1916. 

BEACHAM, BRAXTON, Orlando, born at Dublin, Ga., in 1864, educated in 
public schools; came to Florida in 1884; was appointed U. S. Food Administra- 
tor for Florida by Herbert C. Hoover, National Food Administrator, and took 
up that work in September, 1917; extensively interested in agriculture and 
horticulture. 

BENTLEY, ROBERT WILLIAM. Tampa, born North Adams, Mass., Feb. 9, 
1878; educated in public schools of New York and Fla., managing editor Tampa 
Times 8 years, became managing editor Tampa Tribune July 3, 1916. 

BILLINGSLEY, JESSE LEE, Miami, born Clarksville, Tenn., May 22, 
1880; educated in public schools of Fla., Uni. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; George 
Washington Uni.. Washington. D. C. ; graduated in law 1909; was city atty of 
Miami and Fort Lauderdale 1911-13; judge criminal court Dade county 1913-17; 
resumed practice of law in Miami. 

BLACKMAN, E. V., Miami, born North Pitcher, N. T., June 19, 1845; educat- 
ed at Cortland. N. Y.; came to Florida in 1886; to Miami 1894; editor for sixteen 
years; secretary Dade County Fair Association for many years; citrus expert. 

BLACKMAN, WM. FREMONT, Lake Monroe, Fla., born North Pitcher, N. 
Y., Sept 26, 1855; educated at Oberlin College, Yale Uni. Cornell Uni. Berlin and 
Paris- prof. Yale Uni. 1893-1902; pres. Rollins College, Winter Park, Fla.. 1902- 
1915; pres. Bank of Winter Park 1911 — ; pres. Fla. Live Stock Assn. 1916 — ; 
pres. Fla. Audubon Society 1912 — ; member State Live Stock Sanitary Board 
1917. 

BLITCH. JAMES S., Tallahassee, born Montbrook, Fla., April 18, 1871; com- 
mon school education; farmer and stock raiser; mayor Montbroolc 1904-08; 
member Dem. County Com. 1892 to 1912; state com. 1908 to 1912; member state 
senate sessions 1913-15; member state tax commission Feb. to Sept., 1917; ap- 
pointed secretary to Gov. Catts Sept., 1917, succeeding James V. Burke, who was 
appointed member tax commission. 

BLITCH, NEWTON A., Tallahassee, born near Ocala, Fla., Oct. 12, 1844, 
educated in common schools, served 3 years in the Confederate army, 8 years 
in Florida House of Representatives, 12 years as State senator, 3 years as 
State convict in.spector, and has been a member of the Florida R. R. Commis- 
sion since January 1, 1907. 

BLOUNT. WILLIAM ALEXANDER, Pensacola, born Clarke county, Ala., 
Oct. 25, 1851 ; educated at the Uni. of Ga., began practice of law 1873, member 
Fla. Constitutional Convention 1885; chairman com, to revise Fla. Statutes, 
1892; State senator 1903-5, member capitol construction com. 1901-3; pres. Com- 
missioners on Uniform State Laws. 

BOND, ANDRE\%^ R., Tampa, born Blountville, Tenn.; M. D. medical dept. 
Fort Worth Uni. 1905; member regular state board medical examiners 1913-17; 
capt. medical reserve corps, U. S. A., active duty, ear, eye, nose and throat 
service, base hospital. Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 

BOTTS, FREDERICK WILLIAM, Jacksonville, born Eldridge, Fla., Dec. 
20, 1884; attended public schools of Volusia county, graduated from Stetson Uni. 
B. S. 1908, LL. B. 1909; asst. U. S. dist. atty. since Sept., 1913. 

BRANNING, HENRY PIERRE, Miami, born at Osteen, Fla., Aug. 18, 1877, 
educated at South Fla. Military Institute (then) at Bartow; took law at Cum- 
berland Uni. Lebanon, Tenn., served one term as justice of peace, one term as 
county solicitor, was appointed judge of the eleventh circuit by Gov. Trammell 
in 1914 to fill the unexpired term of Judge Bethel, who died, and was reappoint- 
ed in 1917 by Gov. S. J. Catts. 

BROWN, HARRY L., St. Augustine, born Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 
June 26, 1872, educated at Trinity School, Port Hope, and Welland Collegiate 
Institute; came to Florida 1902; editor St. Augustine Record (daily) and gen- 
eral manager of the Record Company since December, 1904. 

BROWN, LEW^ELLYN BUFORD, St. Petersburg, born at Madison, Ark., June 
13, 1861; self educated, having attended only eight months of school; county 
and city attorney in Taylorsville, Spencer county, Ky., 1897-1901; pres. Ky Press 
Assn. 1906; came to Florida Dec. 15, 1908, and bought the St. Petersburg Inde- 
pendent, of which he is the editor and publisher; was editor and publisher of 
monthly periodical at Ozark, Ark., when 15 years of age. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 99 

BROWNE, JEPFEKSOIV DE/VLE, Tallahassee, bcirn Key West, graduated 
from law school Uni. of Iowa, 1880; captain's clerk U. S. Navy, 1876; city atty. 
Key West 1880-1885; postmaster Key West, Fla., 1886-1 8',)0; U. S. collector of 
customs. Key West, Fla., 1893-97; member Fla. senate 1891-95; president Florida 
senate 1891 -"93- chairman Florida R. R. commission, 1903-07; delegate at large 
Nat Dem convention, 1888; member Nat. Dem. executive committee, 1904-1908; 
dem. presidential elector, 1912; president Florida electoral college, 1913; chief 
justice supreme court of Florida, 1917 to 1923. 

BROSSIER, ROBT. BAZILE AND JOS. CLEMENT (twins), Orlando, born 
Key West May 9, 1891; moved with their parents to Miami and attended public 
schools there-" worked in circulation department of Miami Metropolis and Miami 
Herald; purchased half interest in the Orlando Reporter-Star in 1914. and in 
1917 secured entire control of that paper. 

BRYAN, NATHAN C, Kissimmee, born Marshallville, Ga., Aug. 3, 1868; 
finished scholastic education in high school; mayor of Kissimmee 1912; member 
Fla. H. R. Osceola county 1915-17. 

BRYAN, NATHAN PHILEMON, Jacksonville, born in Orange (now Lake) 
county, Fla., April 23, 1872; graduated from Emory College, Oxford, Ga., in 1893; 
studied law at Washington and Lee University, graduating in 1895; practiced 
law at Jacksonville, until election to U. S. Senate, 1911. His term expired March 
3, 1917, when he was succeeded by Park Trammell. 

BRYAN, T. ED, Tampa, born Savannah, Missouri, May 17. 1872; finished 
academic education in high school May 18, 1889; in wholesale grocery business; 
president Central Fla. Highway Assn. since its organization at Orlando June, 
1915; president Tampa Golf Club. 

BUFORD, RIA'ERS H.. Marianna, born Pulaski, Tenn.. Jan. 18, 1878; attended 
public schools, represented Calhoun county in Fla. H. R. 1901. prosecuting atty. 
Gadsden county, 1909-1911; appointed state's attorney 9th circuit Oct., 1912; ap- 
pointed same position 14th circuit upon its creation June 10, 1915. which position 
he now holds (1917). 

BULLOCK, WM. SIMEON, Ocala. born Ocala May 16, 1856, took law course 
at Charlottesville, Va., was judge of the criminal court of Marion county later 
abolished; judge of 5th circuit since Sept.. 1901, reappointed June 10. 1917. for 
term of six yrs. 

BURKE, JAMES V., Tallahassee, born Calhoun county. Fla.. Sept. 5, 1855. 
educated in public schools; secretary to Gov. S. J. Catts Jan. 2, 1917 to Sept. 6 
1917, when he was appointed a member of the State Tax Commission. 

BURNETT, DANIEL F., JR., Madison, born Madison, Fla., in 1880, attended 
public schools and normal college, graduating in 1902, followed the business 
of accountant: clerk of circuit court Madison county 1913-17. 

BURNSIDE, ARCHIE J., Dade City, born Dade City Dec. 16, 1870; common 
school education; clerk circuit court Pasco county since Jan.. 1909. 

BURR, R. HUDSON, Tallahassee, born Washington, D. C. June 8. 1867; edu- 
cated in private and public schools; mbr. Dade Co. Fla. H. R. 1901; elected 
railroad commissioner 1902, 1906, 1910, 1914; chairman of the commission since 
Jan. 8. 1907. 

BURTON, JOHN W., Arcadia, born Woodland Mills, Tenn., Oct. 2, 1876; 
educated at Ogden college. Bowling Green. Ky.. and Fla. A. & M. College at 
Lake City; moved to Fla. 1896; was mayor of Arcadia, and on Oct. 10, 1914 was 
appointed state's attorney 10th circuit, which position he now holds (1917). 

BYRD, HIRAM, Princeton, born Blackshear, Ga., Aug. 3, 1874; received B. S. 
degree 1895 N. W. Uni.. graduated as M. D. 1902; asst. state health officer 1905- 
1913; scientific secretary state board of health since 1917. 

CALDWELL, HENRY STAFFORD, Live Oak, born Jasper, Fla.. Oct. 13. 
1887; received his education in the public schools of Hamilton county; was 
mayor of Jasper 1911-12; state's attorney 3rd circuit 1913-17; second term 
1917-21. 

CALDWELL, JOHN M., Jasper, born Madison, Fla.. Nov. 21. 1846; educated 
at Lake City; clerk of circuit court Hamilton county 1881 to 1888, 1895-6; 
county treasurer one term; was editor Jasper News, (weekly) many years. 

CALHOUN, EDWARD NOBLE, St. Augustine, born New Tork City, N. T.. 
Sept. 5, 1878; educated Putman county. P^la.. high school. Fla. A. & M. College at 
Lake City, received B. L. degree from Uni. of Georgia June. 1901; Judge Palatka 
municipal court 1908-11; county atty. Putnam county 1906-10; city attorney St. 
Augustine since 1911; was appointed state's attorney for new 4th circuit 
created by Act of 1915. which was held void by the Fla. supreme court. 

CALL, RHYDON MAYS, Jacksonville, born Fernandina, Fla.. Jan. 13, 1858, 
took law at Washington and Lee University, Va., U. S. attorney, solicitor Duval 
county, judge 4th circuit, U. S, district judge, southern district of Fla., since 
April 1. 1913. 



100 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

CAMPBELL, ANGUS G., DeFuniak Springs, born Euchee Anna, Fla., Nov. 
19, 1874 educated at DeFuniak Springs; county solicitor of Walton county from 
1909 to 1913; appointed judge of the 1st judical circuit of Fla. April 14, 1915. 

CAMPBELL, THOMAS JEFFERSON, West Palm Beach, born in Osceola 
county March 9, 1876; tax collector Palm Beach county since 1910; prominent 
in furthering drainage canal system in the Everglades. 

CARSON, CHARLES A., Kissimmee, born Reynolds, Ga., Nov. 10, 1862, finished 
education at Mercer Uni., Macon, Ga., state senator from 1904; pres. pro tem. 
1903; trustee Uni. of Fla. 1899 to 1905; pres. board trustees Columbia College 
(Baptist) 1907-1917. 

CARSON, JAMES MILTON, Miami, born Kissimmee, Fla., Dec. 16, 1887; at- 
tended Osceola high school and Stetson Uni., A. B. 1909; LL.B. Washington and 
Lee, 1910. Home address Dania, Broward county; office in Miami. 

CASH. WM. T., Perry, Fla., born Lament, Fla., July 23, 1878; common school 
education, teacher; member Fla. H. R. 1909-1915-17; member state sub-com. for 
selection text books. 

CATE, WALTER B., Madison, born Maryville, Tenn., Nov. 2, 1879; educated 
at Maryville College; came to Florida July, 1897; prin. Jasper Normal Ins., 8 
years; prin. Fla. Normal Ins., Madison since Sept., 1906. 

CATHCART, JAMES M'CREIGHT, Jacksonville, born Sumterville, Fla., Feb. 
22, 1886, educated in public schools of Tampa; graduated in law from George- 
town Uni., Washington, D. C, June 12, 1917; secretary to U. S. Senator D. U. 
Fletcher 1911-17; clerk to Senate Commerce and Senate Printing Committees; 
Collector Internal Revenue Dist. of Fla.. since June 4, 1917. 

CATTS, SIDNEY JOHNSTON, Tallahassee, born at Pleasant Hill. Ala., July 
31, 1863; educated at Howard College, Auburn, Ala., and Cumberland Uni. Tenn., 
came to Florida 1910 as Baptist minister to the church at DeFuniak Springs; 
was candidate for governor in the Democratic primary of 1916 in which there 
were five candidates; upon the face of the returns he was the leading candidate 
but was made defendant in contest proceedings brought by the candidate receiv- 
ing the next highest vote, W. V. Knott, before the Florida Supreme Court, which 
ordered a recount, upon the result of which Knott was declared the Democratic 
nominee. Catts had received the nomination of the Prohibitionists of Florida, 
and his name was placed on the general election ballot by petition as an inde- 
pendent. He was elected by a large majority and took the oath of office 
January 3, 1917. His term expires in January, 1921. 

CELLON, GEORGE B., Miami, born 10 miles north of Gainesville, Fla., Jan. 
2, 1862; attended country schools; moved to Miami November. 1900; has devoted 
many years to growing fruit and nursery stock, propagating and improving 
fruit stock. 

CHASE, JOSHUA COFFIN, Jacksonville, born Germantown. Pa., Sept. 23, 
1858; received B. A. 1878 central high school of Phila. ; is a grower of citrus 
fruits and growers' marketing agent; citrus authority. 

CHENEY, JOHN M., Orlando, born Milwaukee, Wis., Jan. 6, 1859, two years 
later parents moved back to New Hampshire; educated in common schools of 
Woodsville, N. H., attended Boston Uni. law school and took degree LL. B., 1885; 
admitted to Suffolk county, Mass., bar in June, 1885; came to Fla. Dec, 1885, 
and entered practice; U. S. atty. sou. dist. of Fla. from Jan., 1906, to July, 1912; 
appointed U. S. judge same dist. Sept., 1912. and served until March 4, 1913; 
resumed practice of law at Orlando, April, 1913. 

CLARK, FRANK, Gainesville, born at Eufaula, Ala., March 28, 1860; moved 
to Florida January, 1884; served three terms in Florida legislature; was U. S. 
district attorney for the southern dist. of Fla., was chairman of the Democratic 
State Committee; was elected to the 59th Congress and has been elected for 
each successive term since, representing the second district. 

CLARK, FRANK, JR., Gainesville, born at Bartow Sept. 3, 1887; attended 
public schools. Uni. of Fla., Uni. of Georgia, B. L. Uni. Ga. 1909; member law 
firm Clark & Clark; municipal judge Gainesville 1916-17; member Fla H R 
1917; state pres. alumni assn. Alpha Tau Omega (college) fraternity. 

CLARKSON, JOHN POULTON, Tallahassee, born Charlotte county, Va., Oc- 
tober 12, 1865; educated in public schools of Baltimore, Md., came to Florida 
Jan. 23, 1883; presidential elector 1916; was elected chief clerk State Road 
Department upon its organization October, 1915. 

-o^o*-'**^^' '^^ ^" Jacksonville, born near Orrville, Dallas county, Ala., Dec. 14, 
1863; attended common school; sec. Fla. R. R. com. Jan., 1909, to Sept 1909- 
corporation clerk Fla. sec. state 1903-7 and 1913-17. 

COCKE, WM, P., Tallahassee, born Powhattan county, Va., Feb. 7. 1875; 
f^^o^^^. *i Mechanics Institute of Virginia; railroad work to 1907; 1907 to 
1908 city of Richmond, Va., 1908 to 1916 Virginia State Highway Commission; 
came to Florida May, 1916, when he was chosen as Florida's first State Road 
Commissioner. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 101 

CODRINGTOK, CHRIS. O., DeLand, born Jamaica, West Indies, June 14, 
1870; came to Florida when two years old; educated at Stetson Uni., DeLand; 
editor DeLand News (Weekly, daily during winter) since 1892; county com- 
missioner 1917. 

CONNER, OWEN WYNNE, Lake Gem, born Walton, Ky., Oct. 24, 1871; at- 
tended common schools; expert in soils, horticulture and fruit propag-ation; 
proprietor Ocklawaha Nurseries, Lake Gem. 

CONRADI, ED\%'ARD, Tallahassee, born New Bremen, Ohio, in 1869; at- 
tended public schools and Indiana State university, A. B. 1897, A. M. 1898; 
Ph. D. Clark university; specialized in psychology and education; president 
Fla. State College for "Women since 1909. 

COOK, JOHN HENRY, Apalachicola, born Bremen, Germany, Dec. 8, 1874; 
attended public schools in Apalachicola and the Uni. of the South at Sewanee, 
Tenn.; insurance and real estate; has served as member city council, chairman 
board public instruction. Fla. legislature, and is now mayor-elect. 

COOPER, FRANCIS MARION, Punta Gorda, born Fernandina, Fla., March 
19, 1853; educated in private schools; merchant and real estate dealer; tax as- 
sessor De Soto county 1901-08; county commissioner 1911-12; senator 27th dist. 
1913-16. 

CRA'WFORD, HENRY CLAY, Tallahassee, born Bainbridge, Ga., April 
1856, came to Florida when a boy, attended school at Bainbridge. and in 
Wakulla countv Fla., member legislature from Wakulla county 1887, Secretary 
of State since Jan. 28, 1902. 

CRAWFORD, \%aiiI.IAM BLOXHAHI, Kissimmee, born Crawfordville, Fla., 
Feb. 18, 1882; attended Tallahassee high school, Fla. State college, Washington 
& Lee Uni., Stetson Uni. LL. B. 1904; practicing atty.; presidential elector 
1904; member State Democratic executive committee 10 yrs.; prosecuting atty. 
Osceola county 1913-1917. 

CURLEY, MICHAEL, JOSEPH, bishop, St. Augustine, born at Athlone, Ire- 
land. Oct. 12, 1879; educated at Mungret College, Ireland, and Propaganda Uni- 
versity, Rome, Italy; ordained priest March 19, 1904; came to Florida November, 
1904; appointed Bishop of St. Augustine April 3, 1914. 

DANCY. FRANK L., Jacksonville, born Savannah, Ga., Sept. 18, 1882, at- 
tended Uni. of Ga. at Athens; member Jacksonville city council 1909-1915, pres. 
that body 1913-1915; member Fla. H. R. from Duval county 1915; appointed 
state's attorney 4th circuit Apr. 1, 1916; nominated state's attorney 4th circuit 
for 4 yrs. June, 1916, and began the new term June 15, 1917. 

DARNELL, MARCY BRADSHAW, Key West, born at Edgar, 111., Jan. 27, 
1872; educated in public schools; came to Florida 1904; editor Key West Daily 
Citizen; member legislature 1913; appointed postmaster Key West 1913; reap- 
pointed Aug. 1, 1917; on leave account naval service, lieut. National Naval 
Volunteers, commanding naval training station Key West since April, 1917. 

DAVIS, CHARLES EDGAR, Madison, born Aucilla, Fla., Feb. 1, 1873; edu- 
cated at Fla. State College (then) at Lake City, and at Washington & Lee 
Uni.. Lexington, Va., mayor of Madison, chairman, State Democratic Executive 
Committee few months succeeding Arthur T. Williams, resigned; member House 
of Reps., senator 10th dist., two terms, pres. senate 1915; author "Davis Pack- 
age Law" 1915. 

DAVIS, ROBT. WYCHE, Gainesville, born Lee county, Ga., March 15, 1849; 
entered the Confederate army in 1863, and served until the close of the war; 
admitted to the bar in 1868; moved to Florida in 1879; elected to the legis- 
lature from Clay county in 1884; elected speaker in 1886; unsuccessful candi- 
date for governor in 1888; elected to the 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th congresses 
(March 4, 1897-March 3, 1905); unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1904; 
appointed register U. S. land dept. at Gainesville in 1913. 

DEAN, SIMPSON BOBO, Miami, born Walnut Grove, Ala., March 21, 1871, 
attended Howard College, Ala., came to Fla. Aug.. 1894, editor and manager 
The Miami Metropolis (daily) since 1905. 

DeBERRY, J. FRED, Orlando, born Tallahassee, Fla., Nov. 30. 1875; educat- 
ed at Fla. Agricultural and Mechanical College, Lake City; presidential elector 
first Wilson campaign (1912); editor The Florida Cracker, since Sept. 15, 1917. 

DENNY, COLLINS, Bishop, Richmond, Va., born Winchester, Va., May 28, 
1854; A. B. Princeton 1876, A. M. 1879, B. L. Uni. Va. 1877 (D. D. Randolph 
Macon Col., Emory and Henry Col., Washington and Lee Uni., LL. D. Emory 
and Henry Col., Va., and Emorv, Ga., Col ]910); practiced law Baltimore 
1877-9; entered Methodist Episcopal church, South, ministry Bait, conference, 
1880; visited Asiatic missions of M. E. church, 1886-7; chaplain U. of Va. 
1889-91; prof, mental and moral philosophy Vanderbilt Uni. 1891-1910; elected 
bishop May, 1910; held many positions of responsibility and honor; assigned 
to Florida conference 1916-17. (From sketch in Who's Who in America). 



102 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

DETWILER, JOHN Y., New Smyrna, born Birdsboro, Berks county, Penn., 
Feb. 17, 1845, educated in public schools; private Co. C 17 W. Va.. Inft. 1864-5; 
moved to Florida from Toledo, O., June 1883; first editor New^ Smyrna Breeze 
(weekly) 1885; pres. Fla. Fish Com. 1898 to 1904; honorary pres. later. 

DICKIE, LAURANCE PORTER. Tampa, born Bunker Hill, 111., May 20, 1889; 
graduated from hi^h school April, 1907; secretary Tampa board of trade since 
1914; sec. Central Fla. Highway Assn. since 1915; sec. Tampa Rotary club since 
1915. 

DIXON, JOSEPH TROTTER, Quincy, born Talladega, Ala., March 31, 1846; 
educated at Virginia Military Institute; came to Florida December, 1902; edi- 
torial writer the Gadsden County Times since November, 1916; several jears 
occupied similar position with the Lakeland Telegram. 

DOHRMANN, HENRY W., St. Petersburg, born Cincinnati, O., Jan. 8, 1866; 
educated at Louisville, Ky., ten years under auditor War Department; came 
to Fla. April, 1915; president Southland Seminary and College at St. Petersburg, 
Florida 

DONEGAN, ARTHUR E., Kissimmee, born Aug. 4, 1876, in county Queens, 
Ireland: he came to America with his father's family in 1886, and settled at 
Kissimmee; he completed his education at the Osceola high school; member 
legislature 1907 from Osceola county; was appointed deputy clerk in 1909, was 
later elected clerk of the circuit court and served till 1912, when he was elected 
from the 19th dist. to the state senate. Extensively interested in banking and 
cattle raising. 

DONNELL., ELIZA BALLARD West Palm Beach, born in Wilson county, 
Tenn., March 1, 1881; educated at Peabody College, Nashville, Tenn., and at 
the Uni. of Fla.; supt of schools at Baton Rouge, La., 1908-1911; came to Florida 
1911; county attorney of Duval county, Fla, 1916-1917; appointed judge of 
15th circuit by Gov. S. J. Catts and began that service June 14, 1917. 

DISMUKES, JOHN T., St. Augustine, born Davidson county, Tenn., May 13, 
1847; attended common schools at Quincy, Fla., quit school and joined Confed- 
erate army at age of 16; 30 years a banker. 

DOUGLASS, ELISHA A., Sanford, born Lake City. Fla., Feb. 28, 1866; at- 
tended country schools; was appointed clerk of the court of Seminole county, 
Aug. 1, 1913, soon after that county's creation, being its first clerk, to which 
position he was re-elected and continues to hold. 

DRANE. HERBERT JACKSON, Lakeland, born Franklin, Simpson county, 
Ky., June 20, 1863; educated in common schools of Kentucky; came to Florida 
when 20 years of age and settled at Lakeland; was mayor for a considerable 
period: in 1902 was appointed by Gov. Jennings as one of the commissioners to 
remodel the capitol at Tallahassee; in 1903 was member Fla. H. R.; in 1913-15 
he was a member of the State senate and president of that body in 1913; in 
1916 he was elected representative in congress from the first Fla. dist. to suc- 
ceed Stephen M. Sparkman. 

DUNN, ROYAL C, Tallahassee, born Beaufort, N. C, Sept. 18, 1875; attended 
common schools and Fla. Agri. College, A. B. 1896; studied law: sec. Fla. R. R. 
com. Oct., 1901, until elected a member of the com., beginning that service 
Jan. 4, 1909; now serving his third term. 

EARMAN, JOS. LUCIEN, Jacksonville, born at Cross Keys, Va., June 
13, 1875; educated, according to his statement, in the College of Experience; 
came to Florida in 1880; was appointed by Gov. S. J. Catts a member of the 
Board of Control and began his service as such July 2, 1917; was elected chair- 
man of the board; his term expires in 1921. 

EATON. ROBT. L., Monticello, born Lake City, Fla., 1873; attended high 
school and Fla. state college, B. A. 1891; seedsman and farmer; treas. state 
dem. ex. com. Jefferson county 8 years. 

EDWARDS, JOHN SANFORD, Lakeland, born Spring Vale, Ga., June 4, 1872, 
attended common schools and Mercer Uni. at Macon, Ga. ; city attorney Lakeland 
a number of years, mayor Lakeland one term, member state tax commission 
July, 1913, Feb., 1917; appointed judge 10th circuit Feb. 10, 1917, to fill unex- 
pired term, and began regular term of six years June 10, 1917. 

ELLIS. WM. HULL, Tallahassee, born Pensacola, Fla., Sept. 17, 1867, edu- 
cated at Quincy, Fla.; State Auditor 1903 (one year); Attorney General 1904 to 
1909, 5 years; General Counsel Internal Improvement Fund and Board of Drain- 
age Commissioners Nov. 1911, to Jan. 1915; elected Justice of the Fla. Supreme 
Court and began his term January 6, 1915. Term expires January, 1921. 

FAGG, MARCUS C, Jacksonville, born Madison, Wis., Dec. 20, 1879; educat- 
ed at Madison. Wis.; secretary Associated Charities, Evansville, Ind., 4 years, 
chief probation officer Juvenile Court, Pittsburg, Pa., State Supt. Children's 
Home Society of Florida since Sept. 15, 1910. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 103 

FARIS. WILiIiIAM WALTER, Miami, born Barlow, O., Aug-. 25, 1843, educat- 
ed at Washington College. Penn., and Chicag-o Uni.. 111., degree D. D., Black- 
burn College 1885; came to Florida October, 1897. pastor and educator 50 years, 
pastor First Presbyterian church Miami, since October 1897. 

FAItRIS, ION LOWNDES, Jacksonville, born at Savannah, Ga., Sept. 14, 1878 
came to Florida when 6 years of age; educated in public schools; member of 
Fla House of Reps. 1907-09-13; speaker 1909 and 1913; senator 18th dist., 
1915-17; was tendered appointment of judge of criminal court Duval county 
by Gov Broward; was also tendered appointment as judge of 4th judical cir- 
cuit by Gov. Trammell, both of which he declined; was candidate for governor 
in 1916. 

FEE, FRED, Ft. Pierce, born Lineburg, Kansas, Feb. 15, 1880; attended 
Melbourne high school. Alleghany College. Meadville, Pa., and Stetson Uni.; 
A B 1904 LL B 1905 Stetson law department; lawyer and horticulturist; 
county judge St. Lucie county 1907-9; member Fla. H. R. 1911; prosecuting 
atty. St. Lucie county 1916-17. 

FELKEL, HERBERT, Tallahassee, born at DeFuniak Springs, Fla., June 23, 
1889- educated in public schools, Florida State College at Tallahassee, Univer- 
sity of Chattanooga, finished at University of Florida, Gainesville. In 1909 did 
legislative reporting for Claude L'Engle's Daily Sun at Tallahassee; then to 
Pensacola with the News; was youngest member of Associated Press, youngest 
editor of a daily newspaper in Florida; now editor Florida Record (weekly) at 
Tallahassee, and correspondent for leading dailies. 

FERRIS. JOSIAII, Orlando, born Tampa, Aug. 8, 1867, started in printing 
business on Gulf Coast Progress at the age of 13. Published several papers 
in Orange county and established the Daily Sentinel (morning) in Feb., 1913, 
which he sold in October. 1915, to W. M. Glenn and W. C Essington. Now 
identified with the Reporter-Star (evening) published by R. B. & J. C. Brossier. 

FISH, BERT, DeLand, born Bedford, Ind., Oct. 8, 1875, came to DeLand 
when six years of age; graduated from Stetson Uni. 1895, received degree Bach- 
elor of Law 1902; was county supt. of schools 6 years; county solicitor 2 years; 
judge criminal court 6 years. Volusia county. 

FLETCHER, DUNCAN U., Jacksonville, born in Sumter county, Ga., Jan. 6, 
1859; educated at Gordon Institute, Barnesville, Ga., and Vanderbilt University, 
Nashville. Tenn. Practiced law in Jacksonville. Fla., since 1881. Member of 
the legislature in 1893; was mayor of Jacksonville 1893-95 and 1901-03; chairman 
Democratic State Executive Committee 1904-07; was nominated in primary of 
June 16. 1908. for United States Senator, and was elected by the legislature of 
1909; renominated in primary of June, 1914, and elected November 3, 1914, for 
the full term of six years beginning March 3, 1915. His term expires March 

3 1921. 

FLOURNOY, WILLIAM W^ALTON, DeFuniak Springs, born in Walton coun- 
ty December 5, 1874; educated in public and private schools. Southern Univer- 
sity Greensborough, Ala., Florida Agricultural College, Lake City, Florida. A. 
B degree 1896, Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tennessee; mayor DeFuniak 
Springs 1908-9-10-11-15-16-17; State senator 1909-11; several years captain N. 
G F.r leading counsel for Governor S. J. Catts in Knott-Catts governorship 
election contest 1916. 

FLOYD, CHAS. HENRY BURKE, Fort Pierce, born Apalachicola, Fla., May 

4 1876, Uni of Ga., tax assessor Franklin county, Fla., 1900-04; rep. Franklin 
county sessions of 1911-13; attorney, orator and poet. 

FOLSOM, MOSES, Jacksonville, born at Youngstown. O., Aug. 4, 1847; at- 
tended public schools; 12 years advertising agent Great Northern Railway bt. 
Paul, Minn.; same position 3 years Southern Railway, Washington, u. C; sec- 
retary Fla. state marketing bureau, 1917. 

FOSTER, J. CLIFFORD R., St. Augustine, Fla., born Savannah, Ga., Feb. 
13 1873, educated in public schools of Fla., asst. postmaster at St. Augustine 
1893-96; judge municipal court, St. Augustine 1899 to 1901; Adjutant General 
of Fla.. 1901-17; subsequently represented the U. S. War Department Com. in 
training camp activities (1917.) 

FRENCH, REV. CALVIN H., D. D., LL. D., Winter Park, born Williamsburg, 
O., June 13, 1862, educated Lake Forest College, 111., and Union Theological Sem- 
inary, New York City; was president Huron College, bouth Dakota 1898-191^; 
associate secretary Presbyterian College Board. New York, 1913-17; came to 
Florida August 1917; president Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, 
since September 1, 1917. 

FULTZ, JOHN ENOS, Fort Pierce, born near Charleston, S. C, Nov. 12, 1844; 
collegiate education received at Orangeburg, S. C; farmer and fruit grower; 
was clerk circuit court St. Lucie county July, 1905, to Jan., 1917. 

GAITSKILL, SILAS HENRY, Mcintosh, born near Winchester, Ky., July 12, 
1852, educated in public schools; came to Florida Jan. 8, 1884; began stock 
farming in 1903, and has demonstrated by his success the adaptability or 
Florida lands and climate for this industry. 



104 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

GIBBS, GEORGE WIliLIAM, St. Aug-ustine, born Savannah. Ga., Dec. 29, 
1853: started work at ase of 15; general manager and asst. treas. Fla. Coast 
Line Canal and Trans. Co. 

GIFFORD, JOHN C, Cocoanut Grove, born New Jersey, Feb. 8, 1870T at- 
tended Swarthmore College, Uni. Mich., Johns Hopkins, Uni. Munich; B. S. 
Swarthmore 1890; D. JE. Munich 1899; asst. prof. Cornell Uni.; special ag-t. U. 
S. dept. agri.; specialty, forestry and agri; author "Practical Forestry" (D. 
Appleton & Co), "The Everglades of Fla." and other works. 

GILCHRIST, ALBERT WALLER, Punta Gorda, born Greenwood, S. C, Jan. 
15, 1858; spent boyhood at Quincy, Fla., and attended public schools there; 
attended Carolina Mil. Inst, at Charlotte, and U. S. Mil. Academy at West Point, 
but did not graduate; served on board of visitors to West Point in 1896; on 
staffs of Govs. Perry and Fleming as inspector-general, with rank of colonel; 
appointed brig. gen. militia by Gov. Mitchell; resigned June 17, 1898, to become 
private in Co. C, 3rd U. S. vol. inft.. Spanish-American war; mustered out May, 
1899, at Macon, Ga., with rank of captain; served part of time in Cuba as acting 
major; member Fla. H. R. 1893-5-1903-05; speaker 1905; governor of Fla. Jan., 
1909. to Jan.. 1913. 

GILLETT, DAVID COLLINS, Tampa, born Weirsdale, Fla., June 6, 1884, at- 
tended graded schools and Uni. of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.; studied law two 
years; prominently identified with citrus industry and did notable work secur- 
ing federal and state appropriations for eradication of citrus canker from 
Florida. 

GORDON, CHAS. H., DeFuniak Springs, born Gordon, Fla., Feb. 23, 1875; 
attended State Normal College at DeFuniak Springs; clerk of circuit court Wal- 
ton county since Jan., 1909. 

GORDON, HORACE C. Tampa, born Cleveland, O., March 13, 1872, attended 
Jefferson Educational Insti., Uni. of Michigan and Cincinnati Law School; muni- 
cipal judge Tampa 2 yrs., judge criminal court 9 years, state's attorney 6th cir- 
cuit, and at present (1917) state's attorney 13th circuit. 

GRAY, ROBERT A., Havana, Fla., born Cairo, Ga., 1882; attended public 
schools and Sou. Fla. Military College, which was later merged with Uni. Fla.;" 
graduated 1903; taught for several years; member leg. 1911 from Gadsden 
county; asst. state auditor 1914; sec. Gov. Trammell 1915-16; state auditor 1916- 
17; sec. Senator Trammell since 1917. 

GRAY, WILLIAM CRANE, D. D., Rt. Rev., Nashville, Tenn., born Lambert- 
ville, N. J., Sept. 6. 1835; read Latin at 8 years of age; attended Kenyon Col- 
lege, Gambler, O. ; also theo. seminary; ordained in Episcooal ministry by Bishop 
Otey, of Tenn., 1859; mis. West Tenn. till Dec, 1860; in Bolivar 20 years; built 
up church and fine school for girls there, which still flourishes; Church of Ad- 
vent, Nashville, Tenn., Dec, 1881; after 12 years was elected bishop of Southern 
Florida: founded mission, churches and the Cathedral School for Girls at Or- 
lando; was there 22 years; retired in 1915, at age of 80 years. 

GREENE, WM. HENRY. Jasper, born Hamilton county, Fla., 1855; attended 
country schools; merchant; has served as county treasurer, city treasurer, 
county commissioner and state senator. 

GRIFFIN, S. S., Orlando, born Gadsden county Nov. 6, 1871; attended graded 
schools; member Fla. H. R., Orange county, 1915; real estate and timber lands. 

GUERRY, GOODE MERCER, Leesburg. born Dawson, Ga.. Oct. 8, 1879; at- 
tended public schools and received collegiate education at Owen Institute, in 
Georgia; eight years managing editor the Tampa Tribune; at present editor of 
The Howey Tribune, a development journal in Lake county. 

GW^YNN, CLIFTON BLAKE, Tallahassee, born Tallahassee, Fla., June 12, 
1860; attended West Fla. Seminary and University of Virginia; did not graduate; 
chief clerk in office of state treasurer at the age of 16; chief clerk in office of 
secretary of state at 20; chief clerk in the land office, department of agricul- 
ture, since 1884. 

HARDEE, ALBERT P., Bronson, born Hardee, Fla., April 12. 1875; attended 
public schools, took normal course; clerk circuit court, Levy county, from 1900 
to 1917. 

HARDEE, CARY A., Live Oak, born at Perry Fla., Nov. 13, 1876; educated 
in public schools; was State's attorney 3rd judical circuit 1905-1913; speaker 
Fla. House Reps, sessions of 1915-1917. 

HARRIS, FRANCIS EPPES, Ocala, born Tallahassee Dec. 3, 1846, educated 
at Quincy, Fla., began newspaper career on the Quincy Republic in 1859, and 
is now editor of the Ocala Banner the oldest daily paper in Florida: has served 
as trustee of Uni. of Fla., chairman school board and a member of the board 
of county commissioners. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 105 

HAKKISON, BENJAMIN, Jacksonville, born in Sumter county, Ala., July 
18, 1852; educated at Summerville Ins., and the Uni. of Virginia; moved to 
P'lorida January, 1877; county judge and postmaster at Palatka; editorial writer 
on the Times-Union since the consolidation; held a like position on the Citizen 
prior to consolidation. 

HARRISON, CHARLES EPHRAIM, Tampa, born Jacksonville Oct. 5, 1851; 
educated by private tutors; county supt., pub. ins. Bradford county 1876-80; 
member Bad. Pub. ins. Hillsboro county 1886-90; county judge 1885-1901; chair- 
man exemption board. Div, No. 1 city of Tampa, admitted to bar Oct. 20, 1872; 
served at different times for 9 years as editor Tampa Tribune and Tampa 
Times. 

HARTRIDGE. JOHN EARLE. Jacksonville, born Madison, Fla., Nov. 6, 
1849; educated at Uni. of Ga., has served as county solicitor, city attorney. 
State senator; nominated by President Cleveland for U. S. Dist. Judge but was 
not confirmed because of Republican majority in the U. S. Senate; attorney 
representing Jacksonville Terminal Co., W. U. T. Co. and Pullman Car Co. 

HAYES, PERCY SCOTT, Pensacola, born at Shubuta, Miss., in 1880, educat- 
ed in a printing office in Mississippi, came to Florida in 1898; was managing 
editor of the Pensacola Journal for several years and June 27, 1916, became 
editor of the Pensacola News. Never held a public office and doesn't want 
any. 

HECKMAN, REV. W. H., Orlando, born Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 17, 1872; 
educated at Battle Creek College, Mich., pastor Battle Creek Tabernacle of 
Seventh Day Adventists, largest church of the denomination, pastor of Grand 
Rapids church, presiding officer of the Pennsylvania Conference 6 years; moved 
to Fla., October, 1912, presiding officer Fla. Conference Adventists. 

HETHERINGTON, M, F., Lakeland, born Elkton, Ky., December 27, 1867, 
educated at Bardstown, Ky., came to Florida 1900; editor Lakeland Telegram 
(daily) since March 1905; president Florida Press Association 1908-9. 

HILBTJRN, SAMUEL, J., Palatka, born at Gainesville, Ark., May 30, 1869; 
educated at Cumberland Uni. Tenn.. served as a member of the Florida House 
of Representatives in 1909, and Florida senate in 1911, resigning to become a 
candidate for congress in 1912; was appointed judge of a new circuit by Gov- 
Park Trammell in 1915. but never served his term as the Supreme court invali- 
dated the act creating the circuit. (Rearranged 4th circuit). 

HOCKER, WM. A., Ocala, born Buckingham county, Va.. Dec. 2, 1844; 
graduated from Uni. of Va. 1867; member Fla. H. R. 1876; state's attorney 5th 
circuit 1884 to 1890; judge of same circuit 1893 to 1902; justice supreme court of 
Fla. 1903 to 1916; member constitutional convention of 1885. 

HODGES. JAMES BRANCH, Lake City, born Vienna, Dooley county, Ga., 
Sept. 27, 1877, received early and professional education at Lake City; was 
member H. R. 1909; mayor of Lake City, 1909-10; member Lake Citv council, 
1914-1917; member State Board of Control, appointed by Gov. Catts, July 3, 1917. 

HOLT, ADONIRAM JUDSON, D. D., Arcadia, born Somerset, Ky., Dec. 1, 
1847; Southern Bap. Theo. Seminary, Louisville, Ky., cor. sec. gen. con. Texas 
13 years; cor. sec. Bap State con, Tenn, 9 years; mis, to wild Indians 4 years, 
pastor 25 years, editor Fla Baptist Witness since 1914. 

HOLT, PLEASANT A. Jacksonville, born at Lake City, Fla., April 19, 1869, 
educated in schools of Duval county; member of State Democratic Executive 
Committee; member Jacksonville City Council, first elected to council 1897, 
and has served almost continuously since. 

HOLWORTHY, A. J., Lakeland, born in England, Feb. 22. 1868; attended 
church school and Derby college, graduated with the degree of B. A. May, 
1890; studied for the ministry, but took up newspaper work and the business 
of commercial secretary; secretary of the Lakeland Chamber of Commerce for 
the past five years. 

HOOD, SAMUEL C, Orlando, born at Topsham, Vt., July 9, 1880; educated 
at the University of Vermont; came to Florida in 1906; special asst. U. S. Dept. 
Agri. since 1904, except for the year of 1916. 

HOPKINS, CHARLES FLOYD, St. Augustine, born at St. Augustine, real 
estate and loans for 35 years; postmaster at St. Augustine since January. 1916. 

HOUGH, ALVERON SANFORD, Jacksonville, born at Oxford, Ga., July 19, 
1856; educated at Emory College, Oxford; came to Florida September, 1890; 
never held public position; chief of the editorial staff of the Florida Times- 
Union. Jacksonville, since 1908, had previously held same position from 1893 to 
1896. 

HOWARD, C. E., Orlando, born in Pennsylvania, came to Florida October, 
1883, located in Orlando 1904; edited Orlando Star, Orange County Reporter, 
Orlando Reporter-Star, Orlando Sentinel, and for seven years owned and edited 
the Orange County Citizen; served as alderman of Orlando 12 years, several 
terms chairman; secretary Orlando Board of Trade several years, and is chair- 
man of Orlando district school trustees 



106 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

HUDSOIV, FREDERICK M., Miami, born in Jefferson county, Ark., Feb 2, 
1871, received his education in law at Washing'ton and Lee University, Va., 
moved to Florida in 1900, was member of the Florida senate 1904-16 (3) terms, 
and served as president of that body the session of 1909; was special counsel to 
the Fla. R. R. Commission from Nov. 1914 to June, 1916, when he resigned to be- 
come a candidate for governor; subsequently resumed practice of law at Miami. 

HUMPHRIES, JOS H., Bradentown, born Thomasville, Ga.. Jan. 24, 1857 
educated at Lexington, Va. ; C8,me to Florida January, 1875; state senator 1904 
to 1912; editor Manatee River Journal (weekly) several years, appointed post- 
master at Bradentown August, 1913. 

HUL,L,EY, LlPfCOIjlV, Pres. Stetson Uni., DeLand, succeeded Pres. Forbes in 
1904; A. B. Bucknell Uni. Lewisburg, Pa., 1888; A. B Harvard Uni., Cambridge, 
1889; A. M. Bucknell, 1891; A. M Ph D, Uni Chicago, 1895; Litt D., Stetson Uni. 
1906; LL. D., Denison Uni., Granville, O., 1907; spent every summer from 1892 
to 1908 except '97-9 lecturing in United States in summer schools, chautauquas, 
etc., 1897-9 in European travel; many positions of trust and honor, among them 
pres. Fla. Teachers' Assn., (1910) pres (1917) Fla. Bankers' Assn., author Child 
Verse (1900); Love Songs (1902), Studies in the Book of Psalms (1904). 

HUTCHISON, IRA A., Panama City, born Florala, near the Alabama line 
on the Florida side, Dec. 4, 1879, studied law at Stetson Uni., DeLand; state's 
atty. 9th circuit, beginning his term July, 1916. 

JACKSON, CHAS. HADDON SPURGEON, Miami, born Hancock county, 
Ga., June 14, 1858, collegiate education at Mercer Uni., A. B. 1877, A. M. 1887, 
LL. D. 1903; president of Bessie Tift (formerly Monroe Female College) at 
Forsyth, Ga., 15 yrs.; moved to Fla. 1914; member Dade county school board 
since 1917. 

JAUDON, JAMES FRANKLIN. Miami, born WaCo, Tex., Oct. 18, 1873; at- 
tended public schools; tax assessor of Dade county 1909 to 1917; engaged in 
real estate; member Tamiami Trail Commission for Dade county. 

JENNINGS, FRANK E., Jacksonville, born near Centralia, Kan., June 9, 
1877; educated in public schools and Uni. Missouri; came to Florida May, 1903, 
member State Board of Control 1913-17, port commissioner Jacksonville 1913- 
17; lawyer. 

JENNINGS, WILLIAM SHERMAN, Jacksonville, born Centralia, 111., Mar. 
24, 1863; educated Marion county, 111., 1869-79; Southern Illinois Normal Univ., 
Carbondale, 1879-83; Union Col. of Law, Chicago, 1884-5; admitted to Fla. bar 
1886; member Fla. H. R. 1893-5; presidential elector 1896; messenger to de- 
liver Fla. vote in Washington; chm. Dem. State convention 1898; governor 
Fla. 1901-5; general counsel Internal Improvement Fund of Florida, 1905-11; 
member advisory board federal drainage and reclamation commission; author 
Fla. drainage law; general counsel Everglade Sugar & Land Co., pres. Jen- 
nings Artesian Farm Land Co.; chairman Fla. tax commission 1911-12; prac- 
tices law at Jacksonville, firm of Jennings & Jennings. (From sketch in Who's 
Who in America). 

JONES, CHARLES EDWIN, Jacksonville, born at Princeton, Ky., Dec. 13, 1864, 
educated at Princeton College, Ky., came to Florida in 1880; managing editor 
Florida Metropolis, (daily) Jacksonville 12 years; Democratic elector and 
messenger to electoral college 1913; has been managing editor of "Dixie" 
(weekly) since 1912. 

JONES, JOHN B., Pensacola. born Bluff Springs, Escambia county, Oct. 18, 
1865; attended public and private schools, and received LL.B. from Georgetown 
Uni., D. C; county solicitor Escambia county, 1891-97; city atty. Pensacola at 
present, and continuously since June, 1899; state senator sessions 1915-17. 

JONES, LOUIS D., Winter Garden, born Gallipolis, O., June 20, 1864, served 
Big Four railroad from age of 1 7 to 36 as operator, dispatcher and asst. supt., 
was business manager Fla. Citrus Exchange April 22, 1913 to June 6, 1916; 
orchardist and farmer. 

JORDAN. ADRIAN PETTUS, Punta Gorda, born at Glennville, Ala., Sept. 
17, 1851; educated at Emory and Henry College. Emory, Va., came to Fla. 
March 16, 1877; postmaster at Leesburg July 1. 1896, to June 30, 1900; State 
Food Inspector Jan, 1909 to Aug. 1915; has been editor of the Punta Gorda 
Herald (weekly) since Sept. 1, 1901. 

KELLVM, JOHN G., Tallahassee, born Lake Butler, Fla., Oct. 5. 1871. edu- 
cated public schools, Jasper Normal Ins. and Peabody Normal College, Nashville, 
Tenn., school teacher, asst. chief clerk, Fla. House of Representatives 1901-03. 
chief clerk each session from 1905 to 1917, when he declined to become a can- 
didate; secretary Board of Control 1905. and in addition was made business mgr. 
Fla. State College for Women, 1907; was succeeded as sec. Board of Control in 
1917, by W. Bryan Mack, and was made auditor for the board. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 107 

KNOTT, WILLIAM VALENTINE, St. Petersburg, born Dawson. Ga.. Nov. 
24, 1863, educated in public schools; came to Florida January, 1881; ex- 
aminer public accounts (before creation of the office of State auditor) January, 
1887, to Feb. 1903; Treasurer of E'lorida February, 1903 to February, 1912; 
Comptroller of Florida February, 1912 to January, 1917; declared Democratic 
nominee for governor, after contest before the Florida Supreme Court, but was 
defeated in g-eneral election by S. J. Catts, independent. 

KROME, ■WM. J., Homestead, born Edwardsville, 111., Feb. 14. 1876, attended 
DePauw and Cornell, left college in 1899; civil engineer; constructing engineer 
Key West Extension Fla. East Coast Ry. 

LAMAR, W^ILLIAM BAILEY, Washington, D. C, born in Jefferson county, 
Fla., June 12, 1853; resided in Athens. Ga., from 1866 to 1873; attended Jeffer- 
son academy, Monticello. Fla., and the Uni. of Ga. ; was graduated from the 
Lebanon Law School, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1875, and commenced practice in 
Tupelo, Miss.; admitted to practice in the courts of Fla. in 1876; served as clerk 
of the circuit court, county judge, member Fla. H. R., and in 1886 was chosen 
speaker but declined; elected atty. general of Fla. in 1888; re-elected in '02-'96- 
1900; elected to the 58th, 59th and 60th congresses (March 4, 1903-March 3, 1909). 

LAMBRIGHT, EDWIN DART, Tampa, born at Brunswick, Ga., May 21, 
1874; educated at Emory College, Oxford, Ga.; came to Florida June 1, 1899; 
editor Tampa Tribune 1809-1917; delegate at large Democratic National Con- 
vention at Baltimore 1912; president Tampa Rotary Club 1917-18; appointed 
postmaster at Tampa and entered that service Sept. 1, 1917. 

LANCASTER, JAMES IL, Bartow, born Stockton, Ga., Nov. 27, 1871; farmer 
and fruit grower; tax assessor Polk county 1905 till 1913. 

LANDIS, CARY DAYTON, DeLand, born Claypool, Ind., May 10, 1873; at- 
tended high school and United Brethren College at North Manchester, Ind.; 
received LL. B. degree from the Uni. of Michigan; state's attorney 7th circuit 
June, 1913, to December, 1915. 

LEACH, GILBERT de la MATYR, Leesburg, born at New Albany, Ind., Feb. 
2, 1881; educated at Charleston, Ind., came to Florida Feb. 13, 1907; editor the 
Leesburg Commercial (weekly). 

LEFFLER, CHARLES DOYLE, Miami, born Smithland, Ky., Sept. 12, 1868; 
attended common schools and the University of the South, leaving college in his 
junior year; member Miami Board of Public Works, 1906-1908; treasurer Board 
of Bond Trustees. 1901, which position he holds at this date (1917). 

LEIDY. CHAS., West Tampa, born Rochester. Minn.. Feb. 6, 1860, educated 
in a printship; founded The Citizen, a labor journal in Tampa, in 1915; was on 
the mechanical staff of Claude L'Engle's Sun at Tallahassee, 1907-9, and later 
as a contributor to Dixie, on political subjects. 

L'ENGLE CLAUDE, Ortega, born Jacksonville in 1863, 13 years in mercantile 
business; editor Sun (daily and weekly) Jacksonville and Tallahassee 1904-09; 
candidate for U. S. Senate 1910; editor "Dixie," (weekly) Jacksonville 1911-12; 
elected congressman-at-large 1912; served one term when state was redistricted 
and 4th Cong. Dist. created. 

LEWIS, AMOS E., Marianna, born Greenwood. Fla,. Dec. 5, 1876; attended 
public schools, graduated from law department Uni. of Va., June 6, 1898; is a 
practicing attorney; was private secretary to U. S. Senator Mallory Dec, 1899, 
to Dec. 1907; to U. S. Senator Bryan Dec. 26. 1907, to March, 1908; to U. S. 
Senator Milton March, 1908, to March, 1909; U. S. Commissioner 1908 to 1912; 
county atty. Jackson county 1908 to 1914; member Fla. H. R. 1915 and 1917 from 
Jackson county. 

LOVt'RY, DEXTER M., mayor of Tallahassee, born Valley Head, Ala., 1876; 
educated at Greensboro, Ala., came to Fla. 1900- member city council Talla- 
hassee two years before being elected mayor in 1910; has been eight times 
elected mayor, present term expires 1918. 

LUNING, JOHN C, Tallahassee, born Albany, Ga., Dec. 21, 1863, educated 
in public schools, came to Florida 1882; county commissioner Lake county 10 
years; upon death of B. E. McLin, Commissioner of Agriculture, was appointed 
to fill that vacancy and February, 1912 was appointed State Treasurer when 
Treasurer W. V. Knott was appointed to fill vacancy caused by the death of 
Comptroller A. C. Croom. 

MACFARLANE, HUGH CAMPBELL, Tampa, born near Glasgow, Scotland, 
Dec. 28. 1851; educated in public schools. St. Johns College, Minnesota, and law 
school of Boston Uni.; state's attorney 6th circuit, 1893. 

MACFARLANE, MATTHEW B., Tampa, born Glasgow, Scotland, educated in 
the common schools; lawyer by profession; was member Tampa city council 
1896; collector of customs for the district of Florida 1897-1913. 



108 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

MACK, BRYAN, Pensacola, born Columbia, Tenn., Nov. 8. 1885; attended 
public school, worked as printer and newspaper reporter; appointed secretary 
to State Board of Control (and state plant board) July 23, 1917; office at Talla- 
hassee. 

MacWILLIAMS, WM. ARTHUR, St. Augustine, born Camden, N. J., Jan. 9, 
1863. resided in Baltimore 1870-85, came to Fla. Feb., 1885; attended public and 
private schools Bait., New Windsor College, New Windsor, Md., lawyer; member 
Fla. H. R. 1899-1907-1909-1913; senate 1901-03; 1917-21. 

MANN, CAMERON, Bishop, Orlando, born New York April 3, 1851; A. B. 
Hobart. 1870, A. M. 1874; graduate General Theological Seminary 1873; deacon 
1873; priest 1876; missionary in charge Branchport, N. Y., 1873; curate St. 
Peters, Albany, N. Y., 1875; rector St. James, Watkins, N. Y., 1875-82; Grace 
church, Kansas City, 1882-1901; consecrated bishop of North Dakota Dec. 4, 
1901 ; translated to the bishopric of Southern Fla. Oct., 1913. Author October 
Sermons, Five Discourses on Future Punishment, and other works. (From 
sketch in Who's Who in America). 

MAPOLES, WM. HENRY, Crestview, born Milton, Fla., Nov. 10, 1877; printer 
editor; representative Walton county, Fla. H. R. 1913-15; author of the bill 
creating Okaloosa county, 1915. 

MARTIN, WILLIAM THOMAS, Tampa, born Savannah, Ga., Aug. 30, 1873; 
educated in common schools and at Uni. Ga., A. B. June, 1898; lawyer, supt. 
public instruction Johnson county, Ga., 1900-04; representative from Hillsboro 
county, Fla., sessions 1913-15. 

MARTIN, JOHN WELLBORN, mayor of Jacksonville, Fla., born at Martin, 
Fla., June 21, 1884; went to school two years; commercial traveler for several 
years; in 1917 defeated Mayor J. E. T. Bowden of Jacksonville for mayor of 
that city and began his term of office June 22, 1917, which expires two years 
from that date. 

MARSHALL, WILLIAM H., Panama City, born Faceville, Ga., May 20, 1879; 
common school education, clerk circuit court Bay county since July 1, 1913. 

MATHEWS, EUGENE S., Starke, born at Providence, Fla., July 9, 1872, 
educated at Gainesville; county judge of Bradford county 1897-8; member of 
the legislature 1905-07-11 ; speaker 1907. Editor Bradford County Telegraph 
(weekly). 

MAYS, DANNITTE HILL, Monticello, born Madison county, Fla. legislature, 
28. 1852; educated at Washington & Lee Uni.; three terms in Fla. legislature, 
one term speaker; elected as representative third Fla. dist. in 61st and 62d 
terms of congress. 

McCOY, W^ILBUR, Jacksonville, born Mt. Pisgah, O., Feb. 7, 1860; entered 
railway service Sept., 1864, and has been in it ever since; is now industrial 
agent of the Atlantic Coast Line. 

McGEACHY, REUBEN ARTHUR, Milton, born Lumberton, N. C. Nov. 6, 
1882; attended common schools and Stetson Uni.; state senator 1913-15; state's 
attorney 1st circuit 1917-21. 

Mcmullen. MELVIN ARTHUR, Clearwater, born at Largo, Fla., Dec. 16. 

1885, educated Univ. Fla., in law at Washington and Lee Uni., prosecuting atty. 
county court 1913-15; state's attorney 6th circuit June, 1915, and still holds that 
position (1917). 

McRAE. WILLIAM ALLAN, Tallahassee, born Wakulla county, Fla., July 
22, 1870; studied 3 yrs. state normal school at DeFuniak Springs, taught 7 yrs., 
Nov.. 1900, elected supt. schools, Jackson county, for 4 years; clerk circuit court 
8 years; appointed commissioner of agriculture Feb. 12, 1912, by Gov. Gilchrist; 
in Nov., 1912, elected to same position, which he now holds (1917). 

M'CREARY, H. H., Gainesville, born South Port, N. C, 1861; attended pub- 
lic schools; came to Fla., 1866; member Fla. legislature 1895-7; member State 
senate 1899-1901-3-5-7-9; editor Gainesville Sun (daily) 35 years to Aug. 17, 
1917, when he retired. 

MEMMINGER, C. G., Plant City, born Charleston, S. C, Aug. 10, 1864; 
graduated from Uni. Va. 1886; educated for professon of mining engineer; was 
chm. board of bond trustees city of Lakeland. 1913; chm. com. phosphate. Na- 
tional Council of Defense. 

MIDDLETON. WM. SPENCER, Pomona, born Wayne county, Ga., Aug. 22, 
1874; attended public schools in Georgia; came to Florida 1897; served two terms 
in Fla. H. R., and started upon a four year term in the State senate session of 
1915. 

MILLER. WM. F.. Valrico. born Buffalo, N. Y.. Jan. 16, 1877; came to Fla. 
Aug. 19, 1910; pres. South Fla. Chamber of Commerce; pres Hillsborough County 
Board of Trade; manager Exchange Supply Co., and Valrico Development Co. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 109 

MILTON, W]»I. H., Marianna, born in Jackson county, Fla., March 2, 1864, 
educated at Marianna, Fla., and Auburn, Ala., member leg-islature 1889, county 
commissioner 1890; U. S. surveyor general 1894-7, pres. Fla. Ind. School 1897- 
1915; was appointed by Gov. Broward in 1908 to fill the unexpired term of U. S. 
Senator William James Bryan, who had been appointed to fill the unexpired 
term of Senator Stephen R. Mallory; is at present (1917) member city council 
of Marianna. 

M'lNTOSII, WM. MOUZON, JR., Tallahassee, born Sumter, S. C, Feb. 19, 
1895- educated West Fla. Seminary; member city council Tallahassee 20 years; 
chairman council 16 years; mayor one year; chairman Board Public Works 8 
years; clerk in Comptroller's office 35 years; at present (1917) chief clerk. 

MITCHELL, ALEXANDER J, Jacksonville, born Glennville, Ala., Nov. 14, 
1863, educated at Auburn. Ala., moved to Florida June, 1884, lived at Jupiter 
several years; member school board Dade county in the nineties; practiced law 
at Juno while in charge of the weather office at Jupiter; section director and 
meteorologist U. S. Weather Bureau, Jacksonville, since 1895. 

M'KENZIE, HENRY S., Palatka, born at Augusta, Ga., May 27, 1885; edu- 
cated in Palatka high school and Fla. Military College at Bartow; served three 
terms in the Fla. legislature, lower branch; chairman Mothers' Pension Com- 
mission of Fla., became editor of the Palatka Times-Herald, (weekly) at the 
age of 22. 

M'NAMEE, ROBT., Jacksonville, born at Easton, Penn., October 16, 1862; 
educated at LaFayette College, Penn., came to Florida 1884; member Fla., 
Legislature 1899-1903; speaker Florida House 1899; publisher "Dixie" (political 
weekly) Jacksonville, since 1912. 

MOHR, CHAS. H., RT. REV., pres. St. Leo College, St. Leo, Fla., born Chilli- 
cothe, O., Jan. 24, 1863; educated at St. Vincent College, Penn., came to Fla. 
August, 1890. 

MONROE, ANDREW LEIGHT, Miami, born Louisville, Ky., April 4, 1856; 
educated public schools of Louisville, at the Uni. of Louisville, and at the 
Hahnemann (Homeopathic) College, Philadelphia, Pa.; graduated M. D. 1879; 
was dean and professor of materia medica of the Southwestern Homeopathic 
College, Louisville, 10 yrs.; prof, materia medica Pulte College, Cincinnati, 10 
yrs.; came to Fla. 1906, and has practiced medicine at Miami since: member 
Dade county school board since 1909; chairman since 1910. 

MONTAGUE, ANDREW PHILIP, Lake City, pres. Columbia College, born in 
Essex county, Va., Sept. 27, 1854; educated at the Uni. Va. ; was dean in Columbia 
Uni. Washington, D. C, pres Furman Uni. S. C, pres Howard College, Birming- 
ham, Ala; came to Fla., July, 1912, and has been pres. of Columbia College 
(Baptist) since. 

MORGAN, GEORGE THOMAS, Miami, born Paducah, Ky., 1861; high school 
education; attorney at law; comptroller of the city of Pensacola, Fla., 1895 
to 1909; atty. bd. county commissioners Escambia county 1910-11; moved to 
Miami 1917. 

MORRISON, HENRY CLAY, Leesburg, born in Montgomery county, Tenn., 
May 30, 1842, and educated there; local minister M. E. Church, South, 2 yrs., 
pastor 25 yrs., missionary secretary 8 yrs., appointed Bishop of Florida in 1898. 

MIINROE. KIRK, Cocoanut Grove, born near Prairie du Chien, Wis., Sept. 
15, 1850; attended common schools Appleton, Wis., Cambridge, Mass., and Har- 
vard; first editor Harper's Round Table 1879-82; founded League of Am. 
Wheelmen at Newport, R. I., May 31, 1880; author Wakulla, the Flamingo 
Feather. Derrick Sterling, Crystal Jack & Co., and Delta Bixby, The Golden 
Days of '49. Dorymates, Campmates, Canoemates, Raftmates, the Fur Seal's 
Tooth, Big Cypress, Through Swamp and Glade, and numerous other books for 
boys; has written more books about Florida than any other author; married 
Mary, daughter of Amelia Barr, novelist, Sept. 15, 1883. (Data from Who's 
Who in America). 

MURPHREE, ALBERT ALEXANDER, Gainesville, born Walnut Grove, 
Ala., April 29, 1870; student Walnut Grove college 1880-7; Peabody college, 
Nashville, Tenn., 1890-2; A. B. Uni. Nashville 1892, A. M. 1902 (LL. D. Rollins 
college, 1909); began teaching rural schools Tenn. 1887; supt. Cullman. Ala., 
city schools; prin. Summit, Ala., Ins.; prin. high school. Cleburne. Tex., 2 yrs.; 
pres. 1897-1905 Fla. State College; pres. State College for Women 1905-9; Uni. 
Fla. since July 1, 1909; member Am. Academy Political and Social Science, 
Kappa Alpha, Fla. State Teachers' Assn., N. E. A.; editor Fla. School Ex- 
ponent 1907-9. contributor of psychological articles to educational journals. 
(Data from Who's Who in America). 

MURPHY, PAT, Jacksonville, born in Ireland; has attended every Nat. Dem. 
convention for many years, sometimes as delegate from Fla.; publisher of 
Murphy's Guide to Florida and "Through Green Glasses" (1917), which gives 
intimate views of public men and events of Florida as seen by the author 
through a period of thirty years. 



110 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

NAUGLiE, EDWIN EAULE, St. Petersburg, born Greencastle, Ind., Sept. 
13, 1883, Indiana Uni. came to Fla. June. 1907; managing editor St. Petersburg 
(morning) Times since Sept., 1916. 

NEEL. JOHN, Tallahassee, born Ponce de Leon, Fla., Aug. 5, 1848; common 
schools- sheriff Holmes county 1873-5; member constitutional convention 1885; 
state senate 1901-3-5-7; state convict inspector 1907-11.; chairman State Tax 
Commission since July, 1913, v^^hen it was first organized. 

NEHRLING, HENRY, Gotha, born Howards Grove, Sheboygan county. Wis.. 
May 9, 1853; educated at Teachers' Seminary, Addison, 111., deputy collector and 
inspector of customs 1887-1890, custodian public museum Milwaukee, Wis., 1890- 
1903, came to Florida January, 1902; horticulturist, collaborator U. S Bureau of 
Plant Industry; began caladium garden at Gotha, Orange county, Fla.. in the 
fall of 1893. 

NEWELL, WILMON, Gainesville, born Hull, Iowa, March 4, 1878, educated 
low?' State College, Ames, la., and Ohio State Uni., Columbus, O.. state entomo- 
losiMt of Georgia 1902-4; secretary Louisiana state crop pe.st commissioner 
1905-9; state entomologist of Texas 1910-15; came to FLi. Aug. 24, 1915, as 
state plant commissioner appointed under act of 1915 creating state plant 
board. 

NUGENT, P. H., Ocala, born New Orleans, La., March 6, 1860; attended pri- 
vate school and Uni. of Miss., graduating June, 1881, with B. A. degree; sheriff 
1898 to 1904; clerk of circuit court, Marion county, since 1912. 

O'BRYAN, LEWIS, Kissimmee, born Allendale, S. C, Dec. 29. 1882; attended 
high school Charleston college, Uni. S. C, A. B. 1900, LL.B. 1902; city atty. 
Kissimmee since April, 1914; member southern dist. exemption board, with 
headquarters at Tampa. 

O'NEAL. WM. R., Orlando, born Belpre. O., 1864; lived in Orlando since 1886; 
pres State Bank of Apopka, finance com. State Bank of Orlando, treasurer 
Rollins College; member Board of Control Ins. Dept. Knights of Pythias of the 
World; candidate of the Republican party of Fla. at sundry times for congress. 
U. S. senator and governor; appointed 1917 committeeman for Fla.. National 
League to Enforce Peace. 

OVERSTREET, J. L., Kissimmee, born Kissimmee Nov. 26. 1875. received 
education at Osceola High School; tax assessor Osceola county 1905 to 1912; 
clerk circuit court since 1913, term expires 1921. 

PATERSON, ROBERT .J., Tallahassee, born Thomasville, Ga., July 13, 1864. 
educated in public schools, came to Florida 1864; tax assessor Madison county, 
Fla., 19 years; member State Tax Commission since July 10, 1913. 

PEPPER. \^'M. MULLIN, Gainesville, born Philadelphia, Pa., July 30, 1874; 
came to Fla. 1904; editor the Gainesville Sun (daily) since August, 1917. 

PERKINS, JAMES W., De Land, born Rome, Ga., Dec. 7, 1862, moved to Fla. 
in 1868; studied law at Cumberland Uni., Lebanon, Tenn., graduating in 1893; 
prosecuting attorney Volusia criminal court 14 yrs., judge criminal court 2 yrs.; 
elected to state senate and served session of 1911, when appointed judge 7th cir- 
cuit court by Gov. Gilchrist; reappointed 1917 by Gov. Catts. Never had a com- 
mon school education. 

PILLARS, CHARLES ADRIAN. Jacksonville, born Rantoul, 111., July 4, 
1870, educated at Uni. of Illinois; student Chicago Art Institute under Sculptors 
Taft, French and Potter; asst, to Lorado Taft 9 years, asst. Columbian Ex- 
position Commission under Daniel French and E. C. Potter 1891-3; came to 
Fla. 1894; sculptor for Florida statues in National Statuary Hall, Washing- 
ton (Dr. John Gorrie and Gen. E. Kirby Smith, C. S. A.) 

POWELL, WILLIS B., Clearwater, born Wapakoneta, O., April 12, 1868; 
never went to school, moved to Florida, 1903, was editor and publisher of St. 
Petersburg Independent; established Clearwater Sun (evening) 1913, retired 
February, 1916. 

PRICE, WILLIAM H., Miami, born at Brandon, Miss., Mar. 10. 1864. edu- 
cated at Weatherford. Tex., came to Fla.. 1893. was chairman Democratic State 
Executive Committee 1908-12; judge of the 9th judical circuit June, 1911 to 
Nov. 1912; presidential elector 1916; moved from Marianna to Miami in July 
1917, and became member law firm of Price, Price & Eyles. 

PRIVETT, JOHN CALVIN, Jacksonville, born Goldsboro, N. C, Dec. 9, 1877; 
printer; appointed state labor inspector 1914, reappointed 1917. 

REAVES, O. K., Bradentown. born Sarasota, Fla., October 16, 1877; edu- 
cated in the public schools of Manatee county, took a business course at Jack- 
sonville in 1898 and graduated from Stetson Uni. law school 1903; member Fla. 
House of Rep., 1911; appointed judge 6th circuit June, 1915. renominated and 
reappointed without opposition; city attorney for Bradentown 1906 to 1915. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 111 

SIOBEIITS 4.L,BKIIT HUBBARD, Tallahassee, born Orange Bend. Fla., June 
16 1885- graduated from St. Petersburg high school 1903; stenographer to the 
supreme court 1S06: pension and insurance clerk, state treasurer, 1907-11; sec- 
retary prison dept. board of commissioners of state institutions, 1913-17. 

ROBL.es, FRANCIS MARION, Tampa, born in Tampa, Feb. 26, 1853; edu- 
cated at Ann Arbur, Mich., county judge Hillsborough county from Jan. 1901, 
to Jan. 1909; judge 13th circuit from July, 1911, beginning his second term July 
1, 1917'. 

ROESCH, ROBT. HERMAN, Oneco, born Alton, 111., Sept. 8, 1868; attended 
public and private schools; deputy clerk circuit court Manatee county 1886- 
1892; supervisor registration 1892-97; clerk circuit court, term expires 1921. 

ROGERS, ROBERT F., Ocala, born at Darlington, S. C, May 30, 1847, edu- 
cated in the school of "hard knocks" according to his statement; came to 
Florida in 1857; was a member of the constitutional convention of 1885, and 
has served in both the State senate and the House of Representatives; was 
appointed postmaster at Ocala 1914. 

ROLAND, D. G., Newberry, born in Alachua county, June 14, 1871; educated 
in public schools, commercial course at Fla. Normal College; member state 
senate sessions of 1915-17. 

ROLFS, PETER HENRY, Gainesville, born Le Claire, Iowa, April 17, 1865, 
educated Iowa Agri. College; came to Florida 1891, Fla. Agri. College 1891-99; 
U S Dept Agri. Miami station 1901-06; Uni. Fla., 1906; director experiment 
station, (1906), and director extension division (1913) dean agri college (1915). 

ROSE, RIIFUS EDWARD, Tallahassee, born New Orleans, La., 1847, was 
educated in chemistry and civil engineering; came to Fla. in June, 1881, at 
which time he began to work for the Okeechobee Drainage Co., which was the 
Hamilton Disston Co., and built the first dredges for Everglades drainage at 
Cedar Key; dug 40 miles of canals and improved channels of 90 miles of natural 
water courses, reclaiming a large area of the Kissimmee valley; established 
and successfully operated the famous St. Cloud sugar plantation in Osceola 
county and sold same to Disston and his associates. Products of this plantation 
secured first premiums in competition with Louisiana, Cuba, Mexico and South 
America at the New Orleans Cotton Centennial in 1885. Capt. Rose has served 
as state chemist since 1901. 

RUSSELL., WM. ARTHUR, Palatka, born at Port Huron, Mich., March 2, 
1856, educated at Detroit and Albion College, Mich.; came to Fla. Dec. 1887; 
mayor of Crescent City 1900-01; member Fla. House of Reps. 1907-1913 (two 
terms): has been editor Palatka News (weekly) since January 1902. 

SADLER, JAMES HARDY, Oakland, Fla., born Anderson, S. C. April 21, 
1859; attended common schools, one year high school; engaged in horticul- 
ture, trucking and banking; was county treasurer Orange county 6 years, 
1907-13; member board bond trustees brick road fund Orange county. 

SANDERS, JAMES T., Miami, born Hawkinsville, Ga., Oct. 6, 1867; attended 
common schools, studied law in offices of Robbins & Graham. Titusville, and 
Beggs & Palmer, Orlando, B^la.; admitted 1889; prosecuting atty. Brevard county 
1900 for 4 years; atty. board county comrs. and asst. state's atty. 7th circuit 
1894-96; opened law offices in West Palm Beach 1907; prosecuting atty. county 
court, Dade county, 4 years; moved to Miami soon after founding of the city; 
was first municipal judge; then elected solicitor criminal court; served 4 years 
and re-elected: resigned April, 1915, and in April, 1916, was elected judge crim- 
inal court, which position he now holds. Judge Sanders was active in volunteer 
militia 18 years, and advanced to rank of colonel. 

SCOFIELD, GEORGE WALTER, Inverness, born Bartram, Alachua county, 
Fla., Aug. 3, 1883; attended Stetson Uni. at DeLand; mbr. Fla. H. R. 1911; county 
atty. Citrus county 6 yrs; state's attorney 5th circuit since Aug. 8, 1913. 

SCOTT, ED., Arcadia, born in Ontario county, Canada, June 27, 1866; edu- 
cated in public and high schools of Virginia; came to Florida in November, 
1886; was county surveyor of Lee county in 1889; in October, 1915 was appoint- 
ed by Gov. Trammell a member of the Florida Road Commission and was 
elected chairman, which position he still holds. 

SEARS, WILLIAM JOSEPH, Kissimmee, born at Smithville, Ga.. December 
4, 1874; educated in public schools of Osceola county Fla., Florida State College 
then at Lake City, and at Mercer University, Macon, Ga., receiving his degree 
in law in 1896; was elected mayor of Kissimmee in 1899; was elected supt of 
public instruction for Osceola county in 1905 and served until 1915, when he 
took his seat as representative in the 64th congress from the fourth Florida 
district, having been elected in 1914; reelected in 1916. 

SELL.ARDS, ELLIS HOW^ARD, Tallahassee, born Carter, Ky., May 2, 1875, 
educated at Uni. of Kansas and Yale Uni., came to Fla., 1904; geologist, Fla. 
State Uni. 1904-7, State Geologist since the creation of the Survey in 1907. 



112 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

SHEATS, WM. NICHOLAS, Tallahassee, born Auburn, Ga., March 5, 1851, 
educated at Emory College, Oxford, Ga., degree LL. D. conferred by Stetson Uni. 
June, 1913; came to Fla., Dec. 1866; county supt. pub ins. 1881 Alachua county, 
served 12 years, delegate from Alachua county to constitutional convention of 
1885, and was author of the Article on Education; state supt. 1893-1905 (12 
years), again 1913- (1921), second term began Jan. 2, 1917. 

SHEATS, WM. NICHOIiAS, JR., Tallahassee, born Gainesville, Fla., July 8, 
1881; attended public schools, Uni. Ga., Peabody Normal at Nashville, Tenn., 
pursued work leading to A. B. degree, but did not graduate; statistical clerk 
dept. public instruction, Sept., 1916, to Nov. 1, 1917; chief clerk since Nov. 1, 1917. 

SHERRIL.L., JOHN HALL, Pensacola, born Memphis, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1874; 
attended high school and Center College, Danville, Ky. ; general sec. Y. M. C. A. 
1887-1913; member board of managers Fla. School for Boys at Marianna; mem- 
ber bd. public instruction, Escambia county, 1913-16. 

SHOLTZ, DAVID, Daytona, born Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1891; received early 
education in Brooklyn, graduated from Yale, 1914, with A. B., received LL. B. 
from Stetson Uni., DeLand, 1915; represented Volusia county in Fla. House of 
Representatives, session 1917, youngest member of that body. 

SHUTTS, PRANK BARKER, Miami, born in Dearborn county, Ind., Sept. 11, 
1870, educated at Depauw Uni., Greencastle, Ind., came to Florida July 1, 1910, 
pres. Miami Herald Co., and attorney at law, admitted Sept. 11, 1891. 

SMITH, HENRY M., Chattahoochee, born at Douglasville, Ga., May 10, 1884, 
educated at the Univ. of Ga., came to Florida in 1908, supt. Florida Hospital 
for the Insane since July 1, 1917 

SMITH, J. D., Marianna, born at Thomasville, Ga., May 10, 1861, educated 
at Thomasville and Dawson, Ga., came to Florida in 1880; pres. North Fla., 
(Chamber of Commerce, member of the Florida Highway Commission, having 
been appointed by Gov. Trammell in 1915; merchant, real estate dealer and 
banker. 

SNOW, HENRY EVERETT, Tampa, born Harwich, Mass., Oct. 5, 1861; en- 
gaged in wholesale grocery business; commissioner board of public works of 
Tampa since 1911. 

SPARKMAN, HUGH C, Daytona, born Ft. Myers,, Fla., April 17. 1880; edu- 
cated in public schools; presidential elector 1912; editor Daytona Journal 
(weekly and winter daily) since 1914. 

SPARKMAN, STEPHEN M., Tampa, born in Hernando county, Fla.. educat- 
ed in public schools, studied law under Gov. Henry L. Mitchell and admitted to 
practice in 1872; State's attorney for 6th judical circuit 1878-87; elected to the 
54th congress and served eleven successive terms of two years each; was chair- 
man of the Rivers and Harbors Committee when he was succeeded in 1917 by 
Herbert J. Drane. 

SPENCER, ARTHUR P., Gainesville, born in Ontario, Canada, in 1877; B. S. 
1905. M. S. 1909; assistant director farm extension work for the division of 
"West Florida. 

STEWART, CHARLES EDGAR, JR., DeLand, born Cincinnati, O., Dec. 17, 
1877; attended public schools and Cincinnati University, manager of the Florida 
Citrus Exchange, headquarters at Tampa. 

STOCKTON, JOHN N. C, Jacksonville, born Quincy, Fla., Nov. 17. 1857; 
educated at Jacksonville: chairman board public works, Jacksonville, member 
board county commissioners; member Florida legislature 1897; candidate for 
U. S. senator against Senator Taliaferro, 1904; candidate for governor against 
Gov. Gilchrist. 1908; candidate U. S. senator against Senator Fletcher, 1914. 

STOCKTON, TELFAIR, Jacksonville, born at Quincy, Fla.. Jan. 31, 1860, 
member Board of Public Works, Jacksonville, 1897-99; State senator 1903-05; 
member House of Reps., 1917. 

STOKES, JOHN P., Pensacola, born Pensacola, Fla.. Nov. 30, 1886; public 
school education; studied law in offices of C. B. Parkhill and C. M. Jones, in 
Pensacola; represented Escambia county Fla. H. R. 1909, was speaker pro-tem 
and "baby member" of the house (aged 23); member state senate 1911-13; presi- 
dent pro-tem 1911; state atty. 1st circuit 1913-17; ran for congress 3d dist., 
1912. 

STOKES, THOMAS HENRY, Pensacola, born Pensacola, Fla., July 5, 1889; 
attended public schools and Am. Col. Physicians and Surgeons, graduating 
May 1, 1912; physician and surgeon; member state bd. med. examiners. 1913-17. 

STONEMAN, FRANK B., Miami, born Indianapolis, Ind., June 26, 1857, 
educated at the Uni. of Minnesota, came to Florida Jan. 1, 1897, presidential 
elector 1904; began editorial work in 1901, editor Miami Herald (daily) since 
1910. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 113 

STORRS, ROYAL, W., DeFuniak Springs, born Orrville, O., Nov. 3, 1865; 
editor the Breeze (Weekly); appointed in 1917 by Gov. Catts to be a member 
of the state live stock sanitary board; was president DeFuniak city council 
July. 1915-17. 

STOVALL, WAIiLiACE FISHER, Tampa, born at Elizabethtown. Ky., Jan. 
4, 1869; educated at Elizabethtown; came to Florida at the age of 17; has been 
owner of various newspapers since 18 years of age in Lake Weir, Ocala, 
Sumterville. Bartow and Tampa; established the Tampa Morning Tribune in 
1893. 

STRAUB. VVM. LINCOLN, St. Petersburg, born Dowagiac, Mich., July 14, 
1867- educated at hard work; helped organize State of North Dakota, com- 
mencing "Sargent County Rustler" on army press; became managing editor 
and cartoonist Grand Forks Daily Herald; came to Fla., 1900, bought the Times 
(then weekly) April 1, 1901; later established the Times as a morning daily; 
appointed postmaster at St. Petersburg 1916. 

'STRINGER. FRED LYKES, Brooksville, born Brooksville Dec. 12, 1874; A. 
B Fla Agri. Col. 1896; LL.B., U. of M. 1900; was trustee Fla. Agri. Col., Lake 
city, 1904-8; member legislature 1909-11; senate 1913-15. 

TALIAFERRO, JAMBS PIPER, Jacksonville, born Orange, Va., Sept. 30, 
1847- attended common schools and William Dinwiddle school in Greenwood, 
Va- "served in the Confederate army and after the war went into the lumber 
business at Jacksonville, Fla.; elected April 19, 1889, to the U. S. senate for the 
term commencing March 4. 1899; re-elected in 1905, and served to March 3, 
1911; resumed business in Jacksonville. 

TAYLOR, ARTHUR KENNAN, Ortega, born Batesville, Miss., 1866, lived in 
Florida since 1897; was pen and ink artist and cartoonist on the Memphis Com- 
mercial-Appeal, Chicago News, New York World, New Orleans Picayune, Jack- 
sonville Metropolis, Times-Union, Tampa Times, Claude L'Engle's Sun and 
Dixie, and himself founded and conducted The State, a political weekly at 
Jacksonville, 1913-14. 

TENNY, LLOYD STANLEY, Miami, born near Rochester, N. T., Dec. 24, 
1876; educated Uni. Rochester and Cornell Uni.; professor at Cornell; came to 
Fla. Jan., 1913, secretary-manager Fla. Growers and Shippers League; secre- 
tary-treasurer and manager Coral Reef (Avocado) Nurseries; since Aug 1, 1916; 
sec. Fla. East Coast Growers' Assn. since Nov. 1917. 

THAGARD, E. P., care division auditor. Camp Gordon, Ga., born Thagards- 
ville, N. C. Aug. 12, 1859; attended common schools and spent a short time at 
Wake Forrest, N. C; was tax collector of Marion county, and for 5 years was 
state bank examiner; now (Dec, 1917) with auditing force at Camp Gordon. 
Made the race for comptroller in 1916. 

THOMAS, JEFFERSON, Jacksonville, born Hodgenvllle, Ky., July 11, 1873, 
educated in the School of Hard Knocks, came to Florida in 1913; is the head 
of the Thomas Advertising Service, Jacksonville. 

THOMAS, WAYNE, Plant City, born Springfield, Tenn., Oct. 1, 1889; educat- 
ed mainly in printing office; editor and manager Plant City Courier since April, 
1910; pres. Fla. Press Assn., pres. South Fla. Press Assn., lieut Hillsborough 
County Guards; pres. Plant City Board of Trade. 

THOMPSON. EDGAR C, West Palm Beach, born Hendricks county, Ind., 
Jan. 24. 1880; educated at Indiana Uni.; state's attorney 15th circuit June 30, 1917. 

THOMPSON, HENRY W., Milton, born Bagdad, Fla., 1860; high school and 
Emory college, graduated in 1879; followed lumber business; clerk of circuit 
court, Santa Rosa county, 1909-17. 

THOMPSON, NORBERG, Key West, born at Key West 1883; educated Mt. 
Pleasant Academy and New York Uni.; member Key West city council Nov. 
1913-15; mayor Nov. 1915-17. 

TILGHMAN WILLIAM G., Palatka, born Salisbury, Md., 1854, attended com- 
mon schools; member Fla. H. R. 1915-17; orange and truck grower. 

TOWLES, J. M„ Crawfordville, born Spring Warrior, Fla., Dec. 9, 1870; com- 
mon schools; clerk circuit court Wakulla county 1901 to 1909, 1913 to 1917. 

TRAER, WILLIAM M., Jacksonville, born Vinton, la., July 30, 1876; came to 
Florida October 1, 1913; editor and general manager Florida Farmer and 
Stockman. 

TRAMMELL, PARK, Lakeland, born Macon county, Ala., April 9, 1876; 
educated in public schools of Polk county, Fla. to 15; studied law Cumber- 
land Uni., Lebanon, Tenn.; began as clerk in store Tampa, Fla.; admitted to 
Fla. bar 1899; practiced Lakeland; mayor Lakeland 1900 and 1902; member 
Fla. H. R. 1903; state senator 7th dist. 1905-9; atty. general of Fla. 1909-13; 
governor 1913-17; elected U. S. senator 1916 to succeed Nathan P. Bryan, and 
took his seat March 4, 1917. (Data from Who's Who in America). 



114 FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 

TRIPIiETT, STONEAVALL, JACKSON, St. Cloud, born Monticello, Fla., Jan 
16, 1861; self educated; left Florida at age of 10 years and returned after 35 
years of travel; editor several Florida publications, latterly the Kissimmee 
Valley Gazette and St. Cloud Tribune before retirement. 

TlTRNBULiLi, THEO. TIFFANY, Monticello, born Monticello, Fla., July 7, 
1881; received collegiate education at Emory College, Oxford, Ga., and Uni. of 
Ga. at Athens, graduated from Emory 1902, Uni. Ga. in law 1904; attorney and 
farmer; city clerk and treasurer 9 years; member Fla. H. R. 1913-15. 

VANS AGNEW, P. A., Jacksonville, born Trichinopoly, British India, April 
11, 1867, received early education in London, Eng. ; practices law in Jacksonville; 
has never held public position, but has been prominently identified with drain- 
age and reclamation projects, social service and charitable work. 

Vl'ALKER, ALBERT HAYNE, St. Augustine, born Spartanburg, S. C, 1870; 
attended Wofford College and Uni. S. C, A. B. 1890; honorary Litt. D., Uni. Fla., 
1915: educator of the deaf and blind: pres. Fla. School for the Deaf and the 
Blind; connected with the Fla school since 1902. 

WALKER, NAT. R., Crawfordville, born Wakulla county 1852; attended law 
school at Georgetown, Va.; reading clerk Fla. H. R. 30 years; member from 
Wakulla county 1903 and 1909. 

WALL, PERRY G., Tampa, born at Brooksville, Fla., Nov. 22, 1867; educated 
at Gainesville, Fla.; served two terms as member of the Tampa city council, 
and two terms as member of the Hillsborough county school board; was a can- 
didate for U. S. senator in 1916. 

WARREN, B. W., Palatka, born Blackshear, Ga., July 10, 1875, M. D. 1902; 
mayor Palatka 1912; member and sec. regular board medical examiners; pres. 
Fla. medical assn. 1916. 

W^ARTMAN, EDGAR LAWRENCE, Citra, born Harrisburg, Va., Oct. 1857; 
educated in public schools; came to Fla. when 19 yrs. old; member legislature 
from Marion county 1905-07, appointed member Board of Control 1907, on which 
he has served for ten years. 

WATSON, JOHN W^ILLIAM, Miami, born New Berne, N. C, Oct. 31, 1858, 
educated at Lovejoy Academy, Raleigh, N. C; was mayor of Kissimmee, mem- 
ber of legislature eight times; speaker 1901; elected 1917 mayor of Miami for 
the third time. 

WATSON, YOUNG LEONARD, Quincy, born Woodville, Ga., Nov. 7, 1871, 
attended public schools, Uni. of Ga. A. B. 1898, law Mercer Uni. 1902; mem- 
ber State senate sessions 1913-15 representing the 6th dist. 

WEED, EDWIN GARDNER, Bishop, born Savannah, Ga., July 23, 1837; 
attended Uni Ga. 1862-4; served in the Confederate army 1864-5; studied Uni. 
of Berlin; grad. General Theol. Seminary 1870 (S. T. D. Racine Col., D. D. Uni. 
of the South); deacon P. E. Ch. 1870; traveled in Europe, Egypt and the Holy 
Land 1870-71; priest 1871; rector Ch. of the Good Shepherd, Summerville, Ga., 
1871-86: consecrated 3d bishop of Fla. Aug. 11, 1886. (Data from Who's Who in 
America). 

W^EEKS, WM. T., Starke, born in Columbia county, Fla.. near Lake City, 
Feb 15, 1838: member state senate 1868-72; member H. R. 1872-4; member con- 
stitutional convention of 1885: clerk circuit court Bradford county since 1899. 

WEST, THOMAS FRANKLIN, Tallahassee, born Santa Rosa county, Fla., 
Nov 23, 1874; attended common schools, the State College and took law at 
Washington & Lee; member House of Representatives, 1903; senate 1905-07; 
member committee to revise statute laws 1903-5; member House Representa- 
tives 1911; attorney general 1913 to Sept. 1, 1917, resigned and was appointed 
justice supreme court by Gov. Catts; pres. State Bar. Assn., July, 1915 to July, 
1916. 

WHITFIELD, GEORGE TALBOT, Tallahassee, born Tallahassee, July 29, 
1873, educated at Baltimore, Md., secretary to Gov. Albert W. Gilchrist during 
his entire term, Jan. 1909-12, and to Gov. Park Trammell from 1912 to July, 
1915, when he was appointed clerk of the Florida Supreme Court. 

W^HITFIELD, JAMES BRYAN, Tallahassee, born Wayne county, N. C, Nov. 
8, 1860, educated West Fla. Seminary, Tallahassee, and Uni. Va., from which he 
graduated Bachelor of Law, June, 1886; secretary to Gov. E. A. Perry 1888; 
county judge Leon county 1889; clerk Fla. Supreme Court from 1889 to 1897; 
State Treasurer 1897 to 1903; Attorney General 1903-4; appointed Justice of the 
Supreme Court 1904; re-elected 1904, 1906, 1912; was Chief Justice in 1905 and 
from 1909 to 1913. Present term expires January, 1919. 

WILLIAMS, J. ASAKIAH, Tampa, born Enterprise, Miss., Oct. 15, 1863; at- 
tended Emory College, Oxford, Ga. ; member Fla. senate, 21st district, 1909-11; 
appointed state shell fish commissioner July 19, 1917. 



FLORIDA FLASHLIGHTS 115 

WILLIS, JOHN R.. Bronson, born Williston. Fla., Dec. 27. 1868; educated 
in Dublic schools and Jasper Normal College, graduating: in June, 1894; lawyer 
and banker- member Fla. H. R. 1899; senate 1907; county judge from May, 
1911, to June, 1913, from May, 1915, to Jan., 1917; county judge now. 

WILLIS, ROBT. ALLEN, Greenwood, Fla., born Cottageville. S. C, Jan. 
31 1865- attended common schools and received professional education at 
Louisville, M. D., Feb: 22, 1888; state senator 4th dist. 1914-1918. 

WILLS, JAMES THORNWELL, Gainesville, born Fairfield district, S. C, 
May 8 1852; received collegiate education at the University of (Georgia and 
Oglethorpe University; moved to Florida in 1876; has been county supt. of 
schools, member of the Legislature and circuit court judge; judge of the 8th 
circuit since May 8, 1903. 

WILSON, EMMETT, Pensacola, born at Belize, British Honduras, C. A., 
Sept 17 1882, educated at Fla. State College, Stetson Uni. law school; asst. U. 
S di'st attorney and later attorney Northern Dist. of Fla. Oct., 1907, to March, 
1909. Represented third cong. dist, in 63d and 64th congress. 

WILSON, JAMES EDGAR, Lakeland, born Martinsburg, W. Va., Oct. 19, 
1860 educated Baltimore public schools, minister since 1880, came to Florida, 
May', 1901, editor Florida Christian Advocate (Methodist) since Dec, 1913. 

WOLFE, J, EMMET, Miami, born at Oquaka, 111., Nov. 23, 1859. was edu- 
cated at Peabody Normal College, Nashville, Tenn., came to Fla., 1866; mem- 
ber Fla. State senate 1891-3; House Reps., 1901; U. S. atty., 1894-1898; judge 
1st circuit court 1907-14; moved to Miami from Pensacola March, 1914 to practice 
law 

WOODRUFF, SETH, Orlando, born Sanford Mar. 10, 1862; educated in pri- 
vate schools and Erskine College, Due West, S. C, A. B. 1882; cattle man, orange 
grower and trucker; tax collector Orange county 1892 to 1904; city alderman; 
member Fla. H. R., Orange county, 1917; chm. county Dem. Ex. Com. a number 
of years. 

WOODS, CLARENCE EVERETT, Eustis, born at Lebanon, Ky., July 31, 
1865; educated at Central Uni. Richmond, Ky., mayor Richmond 4 years, asst. 
sec U S. Senator McCreary, (Ky.) 2 years, national grand recorder and editor. 
Sigma Nu Fraternity, 19 years, honorary life member Ky. Press Assn., came 
to Florida March 4, 1912, and has been editor manager of the Eustis Lake 
Region (weekly) since Aug. 25, 1912; appointed 1917 inspector of explosives for 
Florida. 

WRIGHT, EDGAR A., Tampa, editor and manager of the Florida Grower, 
was born at Lewiston, Maine, May 17, 1867, and came to Florida November, 
1910. when he took charge of the Grower. 

YONGE. PHILIP KEYES, Pensacola, born at Marianna, Fla., May 27, 
1850- attended private schools and the University of Georgia, A. B. 1871; A. M. 
and LL B. 1872; lumber manufacturer and farmerj member Escambia county 
school board 1879-1890, with 2 years intermission; member state board of 
control 1905-1917. 

ZIM, LEWIS W^., St. Augustine, born at Alexandria, La., April 10, 1853, edu- 
cated principally in printing office but had two years at Louisiana State Uni. 
Came to Florida in 1880. Served as councilman of Green Cove Springs, supt. 
Clay county schools, chairman of the Board of Education of Clay county, rep- 
resentative from St. Johns county in 1892 and again in 1894, and was elected 
to the State senate in 1904, 1908, 1912; president Fla. Federation of Labor 1908 
to 1914; editor St. Augustine Meteor (weekly.) 



A State Museum is a department of the University at Gainesville, 
with Dr. T. Van Hyning as curator. There is also a fine collection of 
historic curiosities at St. Augustine. 



The Florida State Prison, officially known as "Bradford Farms," 
near Raiford, in Bradford county, is one of the notable reformatories 
of the Union. No white prisoners are leased. 



Daaci<liti--;<i uo::.g Ihe 3coi<.;eaper process. 
Neutralizing Agent; Magnesium Oxide 
Treatrn3nt Data: ^QQO 

1a JUL '^'^ 

IBqbkreeper 



PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. LP. 
1 1 1 Thomson Pa'i< Drive 
Cranberry Township. PA 1806© 



